Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia ( Pcd )

Some of the symptoms of COPD are similar to the symptoms of other diseases and conditions.

Cari was diagnosed with chronic smoker’s cough due the fact that the cilia were irritated, however, they were paralyzed and

R.W. appears with progressive difficulty getting his breath while doing simple tasks, and also having difficulty doing any manual work, complains of a cough, fatigue, and weight loss, and has been treated for three respiratory infections a year for the past 3 years. On physical examination, CNP notice clubbing of his fingers, use accessory muscles for respiration, wheezing in the lungs, and hyperresonance on percussion of the lungs, and also pulmonary function studies show an FEV1 of 58%. These all symptoms and history represented here most strongly indicate the probability of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). COPD is a respiratory disease categorized by chronic airway inflammation, a decrease in lung function over time, and gradual damage in quality of life (Booker, 2014).

History of Present Illness: Ms. Manock is a very pleasant 60-year-old woman with a history of severe COPD. She was previously seen by Elvira Aguila, MD. Her last office visit was in February 2015. Since that time, she states that over the last few weeks, she feels her dyspnea has worsened which is a result of increased humidity, which is normal for her. She has had a stable cough over the last six months, which is intermittently productive of sputum. She is using her supplemental oxygen at 2 L/minute with exertion and with sleep. She also notes postnasal drip, which is related to seasonal allergies.

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) develops as a result of an infant 's lungs becoming irritated or inflamed. It is considered a chronic lung disease. BPD progresses from respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), usually with atelectasis, consolidation, and massive fibrosis. Bronchopulmonary dysplasia is most common in premature infants who needed mechanical ventilation and oxygen therapy to survive. Although life-saving, these treatments can also cause lung damage. BPD has been a severe chronic lung disease in premature infants, going back to 1967. Northway et al described it a lung injury in premature infants and the classic BPD had four stages. Each of the stages has radiographically and pathologically differences.

Respiratory disorder, mostly affect the upper or lower respiratory tract, however bacterial or viral infection are the causative agent and the disease is common in all ages. In addition, the lungs and the bronchi can also be affected, causing inflammation and obstruction of the airflow resulting in wheezing, chest tightness, stridor, low grade fever, cough, and hemoptysis due severe damage to the lung tissues. Most common diseases of the respiratory system include; pneumonia, croup, asthma, bronchitis, laryngitis, and tuberculosis, affected disease location determines the signs and symptoms. Hereditary and environmental factors such as allergens and other irritants can be a contributory factor, especially in children. However, respiratory compromise occur as a result of incomplete airway development among this vulnerable population predisposing them to chronic asthma (Huether & McCance, 2012).

There are many clinical findings the R.S is likely to be faced with as a result of his COPD. Due to the inflammation and swelling of the bronchial mucosa as a result of the COPD the R.S. will have an irreversible productive cough. His cough will be accompanied by dyspnea, wheezing, and large amounts of mucus collecting in the bronchioles. This is caused because the lining in the bronchioles are constantly irritated and become inflamed. Mucus forms in the airways which make it harder to breath. The R.S. will wheeze when breathing. The R.S. is likely to have chills, muscle aches, and fatigue associated with the pneumonia. These are just the outward signs and symptoms.

Epidemiologic studies indicate that about 10 percent of the universal population experience PSTD at some point in their

HPI: Pt presents with c/o increased SOB that has worsen over the last few months. Chronic cough that is occasionally productive with whitish sputum. Hinders his ADLs.

MPD occurs about eight times more frequently in women than in men, there is no

The World Health Organization (WHO) (2006A) defines COPD as a disease state characterized by airflow limitation that is not wholly reversible. The airflow limitation is usually both progressive and associated with abnormal inflammatory response of the lungs to noxious particles or gases. John's chronic bronchitis is defined, clinically, as the presence of a chronic productive cough for 3 months in each of 2 successive years, provided other causes of chronic cough have been ruled out. (Mannino, 2003). The British lung Foundation (BLF) (2005) announces that chronic bronchitis is the inflammation and eventual scarring of the lining of the bronchial tubes which is the explanation for John's dyspnea. The BLF (2005) believe that when the bronchi become inflamed less air is able to flow to and from the lungs and once the bronchial tubes have been irritated over a long period of time, excessive mucus is produced. This increased sputum results from an increase in the size and number of goblet cells (Jeffery, 2001) resulting in John's excessive mucus production. The lining of the bronchial tubes becomes thickened and an irritating cough develops, (Waugh & Grant 2004) which is an additional symptoms that john is experiencing.

Cilia are the tiny hair-like structures found in many organ systems including the respiratory and reproductive systems. It was diagnosed by a Swedish physician Manes Kartagener in 1933 (). Since Kartegner’s syndrome is a autosomal recessive disorder each child of the affected parents have a twenty five percent chance of developing the syndrome. According to Zariwala,“it is estimated that in the United States, there are 12,000 to 17,000 people who have the condition” (Zariwala).

Cilia are hair like structures that stick out from the surface of a cell. Cilia are found in the lungs, respiratory tract and ear. They help to keep human and animal airways clear of mucus and dust, which permits us to breathe effortlessly and they also help propel semen. They also act as a sensory antenna for the cell. Some of the symptoms PCD can cause are chronic respiratory tract infections, unusually positioned interior organs, and

The various known functions of a cilia are to circulate fluids, move eggs into the oviduct, line air passages to sweep out mucus that contain bacteria, and many more (Erster Lecture 6). Cilia are about 2-20 um long, and they are extensions of cells that perform in locomotion (Campbell pg. 12). They can be found in multiple eukaryotes such as Paramecium (which are found in pond water) to humans. In the single-celled organism, Paramecium, the cilia helps propel it through the water. As for humans, the cells in the our windpipes are lined up with cilia and they prevent the lungs from bacteria by sweeping a film of debris-trapping mucus upward (Campbell pg. 12). Various proteins within the body has they own function, and the contractile and motor proteins are responsible for the movements of cilia and flagella (Campbell pg. 76). CIlia must be motile in order for them to perform their functions, thus when the cilia are immotile, a syndrome known as Kartagener 's develops through the rare genetic disorder of the immotile cilia. Since cilia deals with motion, when males are afflicted with Kartagener’s syndrome they become sterile from the immotile sperm, and they often also suffer from lung infections (Campbell pg. 118). However, this syndrome can also affect females. It can lead to infections at the nasal sinuses and bronchi for both genders. An interesting effect of Kartagener 's is situs inversus, which is the “reversal of the normal left-right asymmetry of the organs in the

The prevalence of MDD in the United States is approximately 7%, although the prevalence varies significantly by age groups and gender (APA, 2013). For instance, the prevalence of MDD in individuals aged between 18 and 29 is three times higher than the prevalence among individuals aged 60 and older (APA, 2013). Specifically, approximately 14.8 million American adults in a given year are affected by the disorder (Kessler, Chiu, Demler, Merikangas, & Walters, 2005). The World Health Organization assessed depression as the fourth leading disorder affecting individuals worldwide (Murray, & Lopez,