Primary Study Summary

Phonics is imperative to learning to read because it allows for the reader to distinguish these associations in letters and words that they read to captivate comprehension (Walbank & Bisby, 2016). At the preschool-grade, knowledge of the alphabetic principles should be extensive and in-depth, however, too much focus can lead to over application of this skills having words read but not comprehended. The directional approach for teaching phonics should be precise, articulated well with graphemes organised in a logical and systematic way allowing plenty of time to recite the new skills received inherited obtained attained gained acquired (Learning Point Associates, 2004). Likewise, with phonological awareness the expertise of listening to the sounds in phonemes and words, phonics helps complete the process of sounding out to decode what has been read to eventually move onto the primary goal of learning to read being comprehension (Fellows & Oakley, 2014). Another approach is to teach phonics is the analytical technique in which the teacher guides students to observe phonemes and graphemes by scrutinising full words to bring forth another critical thinking skill required to understand what the text means (Ewing & Maher, 2014). This essential component combined with

The purpose of this meta-synthesis research was to synthesize a qualitative study performed to better understand the underlying reasons why only a fraction of cancer patients participate in cancer research trials. The attempt is to explore factors that influence participation in this type of study. Literature in the subject indicates poorly understood process of how patients are enrolled into clinical trials. This systematic review tries to improve the patient decision-making process in participating in cancer clinical trial and to provide Oncology nurses to treat patients with solid background utilizing evidence based practice (Biedrzycki, 2010).

Physicians are essential in the medical field, able to take care of you and make sure that you’re healthy is what makes them vital.

(2014). The anatomical foundations of acquired reading disorders: A neuropsychological verification of the dual-route model of reading. Brain And Language, 134, 44-67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bandl.2014.04.001

Ehri’s Phases of Word Reading and Spelling Development has four different phases that are used to describe the progressive stages of a reader. The first phase is the Pre-alphabetic phase, in this phase there is no letter to sound consciousness only visual features of a word which the students use as a reminder of how to read the words. Phase two is the Partial Alphabetic. When readers are in this phase they use some of the letters in the word (mainly the first and the last letters) to attempt to pronounce the word. Phase three is the Full Alphabetic Phase. In this phase the readers are now able to use and understand the alphabetic connections in words. The readers are now able to map graphemes to phonemes of words that have been read to them

The researchers utilized 186 monolingual and bilingual kindergarteners, first graders, and second graders from Taiwan. The author’s hypothesized that the bilingual children (Mandarin & Southern Min) would be likely to learn experimentally manipulated phonotactic patterns more readily than their monolingual peers. The researchers provided the parents with a home language use questionnaire. The authors created two artificial languages with the same phonemes. The two artificial phonological systems consisted of four onsets (/p/, /ph/, /l/, and /n/) and eight rimes. The test phase involved a two-option forced-choice judgment

Examines how language develops from infancy into adulthood. Focuses on the modularity debate of how language is organized in the brain. Some theorize that language is domain-specific in that the brain has processes dedicated to the task of language learning and comprehension. Others focus on a domain-general theory for language learning where the processes used to learn language are the same processes used in other situations such as problem solving.

Reading is a complicated process. The parts of the brain that function in reading include the temporal lobe, the frontal lobe, and the angular and supramarginal gyrus. The recognition and discrimination of phonics is accomplished by the temporal lobe. The frontal lobe allows humans to understand the grammar

1. The two major independent constructs compared by the authors were onset-rime and phoneme awareness. The dependent constructs were early reading ability and general academic ability. The independent constructs were operationalised using twelve trials of a segmenting and a blending task; which was given at age five. Half of the trials involved blending phonemes and the other half involved blending onset-rime and rhymes; scores for both the tests were combined.

Armstrong (2018), in the article “Management of Nursing Workplace Incivility in the Health Care Setting: A Systematic Review”, asserts that the use of a combination of educational training using education about incivility, communication training, and active learning strategies resulted in improvements in the nurses’ ability to manage workplace incivility. Supportive nurse managers seek to reduce coworker incivility. Armstrong supports her assertion by conducting a systematic literature review of the latest interventions being used in assisting nursing staff in the health care setting cope with workplace incivility. She includes search strategies, a literature review matrix, and results. The author’s purpose is to demonstrate

As an employee in the healthcare system, one has direct exposure to the daily happenings and culture that are common within the clinical settings.  One of the most persistent issues deals with a shortage in nursing staff.  At the change of shift, it is usual to see nurses frantic because of staff shortage. Staff shortage leads to higher patient to staff ratios.  Ultimately this is a concern for patient safety and places the patient’s life at risk.  Nurses usually have no power over this issue and apprehensively fill out the unsafe staffing sheet.  The article entitled, “The Global Nursing Faculty Shortage: Status and solutions for Change”, presents a diligent and clear discussion pertaining to the global nursing faculty shortage. This issue

Nargis,W., Ibrahim, M., Ahamed, B.U. (2014). Procalcitonin versus C-reactive protein: Usefulness as biomarker of sepsis in

In his article, Moser stated Chinese not being phonetic is one of the reasons why westerners find it difficult to learn it. He pointed out that in English, there are at least some correspondences between sound and spelling. It helps non-native speakers learning the language. However, in Chinese, save those with radical and phonetic components, there are no clues at all for readers. The author also demonstrated his experience of learning French, which is a phonetic language. He heard the word “amortisseur” from the radio several times and he recognised it on a sign by because the sounds he constructed when reading the word is the same. “One reinforces the other,” as he described the learning process. Yet, when he was in Taiwan, he could not read the word on the sign as there were no indications of sound, or Moser said “phonetically mute.” The example shows how it is easier to study phonetic languages than the others.

Many second language acquisition theories have been developed over the years. These theories examine the avenues in which second language is acquired and the avenues in which they are

The Pre-reading stage marks the importance of oral language development. Verbal abilities are consistently the best predictors of later reading achievement (Scarborough, 2001). This beginning stage demonstrates how the visual perceptual and cognitive processes are at work (Cunningham 2000). As the child progresses to Stage 1, the sounds are starting to make a connection with letter strings within words (grapho-phonic cues). Now the child understands what the “D” sound is representing. Letter combinations are making their way into long-term memory to form the