Primordialist Theory

There are two different dimensions of our identities: ethnicity and race. Ethnicity refers to one’s belonging to a specific cultural, or racial group that makes up culture, race language, and/or place of origin. For example, one can be African-American but have different ethnicities, one African-American and the other African-Caribbean decent. Race is a social construct that can be changed over time. Historically, referring to its specific characteristics one possesses based on: ethnicity, religion, or language; today's its classified solely based upon the color of one’s skin. Nevertheless, ethnic and racial identities are important and instill a sense of belonging and identifying with that specific group through attitude, behaviors. Moreover,

Stuart Hall defines identity as an ‘already accomplished fact, which the new cultural practices then represent’. We should think instead of ‘identity as a ‘production’ which is never complete, always in process, and always constituted within, not outside, representation’ (Hall 1994 p.392). An individual’s sense of belonging to a particular group, thinking, feelings and behaviour can also be referred to as identity. One’s cultural image can construct identity; such features as hair, skin tone and height. History shapes our identity.

It is not easy to find what make people’s identity. The causes are sometimes visible and are sometimes invisible. People often say features of appearance can be identity such as skin colour, hair colour, eyes, and body frame. Other people, however, might say languages, lifestyles, beliefs, and families make identity. In the world, the differences of these things such as appearance and beliefs have been discriminated. Especially, Indigenous people often have been invaded their cultures and lands in the world and because of this, the number of Indigenous people have decreased. The main focus of this essay is Australian Aboriginal people’s identity. Dudgeon, Wright, Paradies, Garvey, and Walker (2010, p. 6) stated: ‘Aboriginality is about descent, culture, upbringing and life experiences. Thus there are many elements which impact on forming Indigenous identity. This essay will discuss that Indigenous Identity is influenced by various surroundings including government, family and cultures. Firstly, it will introduce the author and the book details and background. Secondly, this essay will explain family member impact on identity development. Thirdly, it will also describe the connection between identity and kinship ties. Then, it will explain the connection between identity and Cultural Interface. Finally, it will define the impact of land right on identity.

Ending of this Introduction to Ethnic course I will discuss of two key learning moments that will stay with me upon my departure from this course. I also will discuss of learning tools that help guided me through this course. In addition, I will discuss of what I had gained fromthe two moments of learning. Lastly, I will share how I can continue to learn and discuss about ethnic-studies related issues.

Hughes (1984) stated that, ‘Weber regarded power as the primary relationship between unequal groups in society’. Power can be divided into three spheres of activity – class, status and party. (Marsh, 2013, p160) Class situation is determined by the shared life chances that people enjoy as a result of the value of their skills and possessions in the market place. Status defines how a community judges someone’s social status according to cultural standards such as education, occupation, speech and dress. Party is when people organise themselves into political parties that represent their economic interests. (Marsh, 2013)

There are two chapters that show his development the most. The first is chapter 3 titled “ The Dominant Primordial Beast”, in which Buck see’s that he is incredibly weak compared to the other dogs in particular Spitz, the lead dog, throughout the chapter he becomes stronger, more cunning, and vicious to survive in the harsh wilderness and the cruelty of the other dogs which he then overcomes in only pages, this could also be seen as an issue how he evolves so quickly and could be considered bad pacing but fits the character of Buck since he is supposed to adapt quite fast because of his will to live, Buck then at every chance attacks Spitz to gain the upper edge on him and to weaken Spitz. Buck and Spitz the decide on this grudge they have

In their respective studies, Croker (1991), Livingston (2010), Rowley (1998), and Hughes (1989), use the concept of self -esteem to name cultural identity. Monteith (1999) uses the concept of race attitude in place of identity. Hitlin (2003) uses the term of self-concept identity instead of cultural identity. He emphasizes that identity is a self-representation. Altschul (2006). Altschul (2006) utilizes the concept racial-ethnic-identity (REI) to name identity. Self-esteem and identity are the two frequently use in the literature read for this research.

Tajfel (1981) described ethnic identity as part of an individual’s self-concept developed from knowledge of membership in a cultural group and the value or emotional significance attached to that membership. Ethnic identity content has been defined as “the actual ethnic behaviors that individuals practice, along with their attitudes toward their ethnic group” (Phinney, 1993, p. 64). Charlesworth (2000) maintained ethnic identity development to be an essential human need that provided a sense of belonging and historical continuity and created a foundation on which to build a concept of self.

Deeply driven by our sense of self, humans place a fundamental importance on creating and preserving individual identity. Comprised of many aspects, such as age, cultural beliefs, equality, gender, race, social class, etc., identity can be defined as “the qualities or beliefs that make one person or group different from others (www.websters.com).” In exploring Culture and Identity in the literary works, A Raisin in the Sun by Lorraine Hasberry, Everyday Use by Alice Walker and Etheridge Knight’s A Poem for Myself, several outside forces can be found shaping the identity of the respective characters. The most recurrent theme found among the aforementioned works was the impact racial divide made on their identity and how they have either evolved or failed to evolve as a result.

alexander oparin started the hypothesis in 1924. Believes that life was started over 3.8 billion to 3.55 billion years ago in a pond or ocean as a result of chemicals combing from the atmosphere. 2 scientist sealed a mixture of water, ammonia, methane and hydrogen in a flask they heated it and simulated lightning, after a week the scientist found blocks of protein in the flask. Protein is a biomolecule that is essential for life.

Ethnicity has distinctive cultural characteristics in distinction to race, people denote to biological characteristics which distinguish one group from another. In addition to group’s developing a minority social class by one or two ways. Either, through expansion of political boundaries or by cultural, identical language, or belonging to the identified group. The type of roles played are people with unequal treatment and discern considered to be minority groups. In Progression in political power and cohesive by allocating physical and cultural traits. The dominant group’s has an advantage of power and being privileged. The dominating groups use its position to discriminate against those with different hypothetically inferior traits. Minority

I love my family and friends dearly, but I believe that someone cannot be primarily identified by who they are in relation to other people. In this regard, I also do not consider my ethnicity to be crucial to my identity, because while I was born and raised in Indonesia, I am not especially proud or ashamed of my nationality and except for my liking of Indonesia’s traditional dishes, I hardly identify with Indonesia and have always wanted to live away from

The Primordial Soup Hypothesis: The primordial soup hypotheses states that all life began in ponds or oceans,which came from a combination of chemicals that make amino acids, which would then evolve into the species we know today. The scientists who came up with the hypotheses is A.I Oparin and J.B.S Haldane. The hypotheses was presented in 1924. The claim that these scientists made in the primordial soup theory was that Earth had a chemically reducing atmosphere, which was exposed to different kinds of energy and produced organic compounds.These compound were gathered in big bodies of water.From these waters came complex polymers and then life itself. They tested this by putting together all the gasses that were thought to be present at that time(methane, ammonia, water and hydrogen). They then electrified the gasses to signify lightning. The end

In contrast to the idea of race, Ethnicity refers to ethnic affiliation, or the “cultural practices and outlooks of a given community of people that set them apart from others” (Giddens, 1997:210). Members of a particular ethnic group see themselves as culturally distinct from other groups of people in a society or culture. There are different characteristics which serve as a way of

Primordial school and modernist school are two very important main streams in identity study. Especially, in the national identity study, both of them have involved the study of nationalism and have a very unlike view of it. And they are often highly debated of the origins of nations and their identity.