Principal Approach of PreSEIS On-Site

California’s unique geography as a state makes it a very appealing place to call home. From the odd east to west transverse San Gabriel mountain ranges of the Los Angeles Basin, to the bumpy coastal ranges of the Bay Area, any person can find a compatible topographic terrain to their liking. California may seem to be the perfect place to live with its ideal climate and extensive geographic features. However, due to California’s location over the shifting continental plates, coupled with its enormous and also multiple faults, at any time this great state can fall victim to a seismic disaster. After examining evidence from both Rong-Gong Lin’s II Los Angeles Times article of April 18, 2016 and the NOVA videos Killer Quake ( 2006), Earthquake (2007), as well as Geologic Journey II – Episode 3 (The Pacific Rim: Americas) – Part 3 (San Francisco) and The Great San Francisco Earthquake (American Experience ~ 2005), one can take a comparative account of the three major earthquakes of California’s past. Although each earthquake was very devastating on is own; the Great Quake 0f 1906, the Loma Prieta quake of 1989, and the NorthRidge quake of 1994 each amounted to an extensive forfeiture of property and life. Each of these earthquakes created much suffering and loss. It is imperative for each citizen of this great state to understand the damage that a California quake can actually do and be prepared; for the threat of one always looms.

Up until now, scientists have been fighting a lost battle on the field of earthquake prediction. A ray of light comes from the animal kingdom.

At this point, from the information in Figure 9.6C, how specific can you now be as concerns the location of that earthquake?

Determining the distance along the Earth's surface from a seismic station to the epicenter of an earthquake is based on the difference in arrival times between

On August 24, 2014 a magnitude 6.0 earthquake occurred in and around the city of Napa, CA. The earthquake killed one person and injured over 150 people. And these people were treated at Queen of the Valley Medical Center in Napa [1]. More and more earthquakes occurred on this earth. So this grasps people’s attention.

• This earthquake may not have released all of the strain stored in its rocks next to the fault this reveals a potential earthquake in the Santa Cruz Mountains in the near future. The occurrence of the earthquake showed that the Earth did not exhaust all its strain and hence other earthquakes could be expected. However, the dates could not be predicted. The extent of the damage could have been much more devastating for the region, but with the earthquake occurring near the coast this made half of the felt area westward in the Pacific Ocean. The occurrence of aftershocks ten days later reinforces the unpredictability nature and hence makes Geology to be a study that is always evolving. In conclusion, the Earth and the study of cannot be exhausted as every natural occurrence provides a new puzzle to be solved.

Type of event, training, or exercise: (actual event, table top, functional or full-scale exercise, pre-identified planned event, training, seminar, workshop, drill, game, etc.)

The ground movement created by the tremor source is recorded by instruments called seismographs. The follow made by a seismograph, called a

At least 3 earthquake recording stations are required to find the location of the earthquake epicenter. A single recording station can only calculate distance, but not direction; to cover all possibilities, a complete circle is drawn around that station. If only two earthquake recording stations are used, the circles will overlap at two points. Data from a third recording station will eliminate one of these points.

The earthquake was felt from southern Oregon to south of Los Angeles and inland as far as central Nevada, an area of approximately 200,000 square miles. The ground motion caused by the earthquake source is recorded by instruments called seismographs. The zigzag trace made by a seismograph, called a "seismogram," reflects the changing amplitude and frequency content of the ground shaking beneath the instrument (usgs.gov). Using seismograms, scientists can determine the time, the epicenter, the depth, and the type of faulting of an earthquake as well as estimate how much energy was released by it.

Earthquakes have been recorded throughout history for thousands of years. Even before seismographs in early times, there are records and accounts of mysterious ground shaking. Earthquakes occur when rocks break along an underground fault (UPSeis, 2007). This, in return, causes vibrations through the earth which causes ground shaking. The magnitude of the shaking varies depending on how great the movement along the fault is; the greater the movement, the bigger the earthquake. Some earthquakes are huge and cause significant damage, while others are small and cause little or no damage what-so-ever. Earthquakes are unpredictable, and can happen at any time. It is uncertain where an earthquake will strike, but there is a greater risk

Media outlets constantly publish that California is long overdue for a massive earthquake. Thus, the question is, when will it happen? And when it occurs, are we going to be prepared for it? There are several easy ways to prepare for an earthquake, such as planning an evacuation route at home and in the office and putting together an earthquake kit filled with supplies. But, what if we could have an alarm that provides us with an earthquake warning before it actually occurs? A Mexico City-based startup called Grillo, Spanish for cricket, has developed an early earthquake warning system that can give Mexicans a two minute heads up before an earthquake happens.

Already, they’ve updated GPS systems to send live data and allow other systems to support these kind of alerts. By using research from past seismic events, such as from Japan and Haiti, seismologists are attempting to determine what signs occur prior to a large earthquake. Pinpointing these signals could allow many people more time to evacuate and leave before the onset of destruction. We could prevent the death of thousands of lives just by being

The earthquakes above give a brief glimpse into the importance of analyzing past and present fault configurations. If scientists could make a breakthrough in this area perhaps we could better predict earthquake activity and better prepare ourselves if it is deemed a potential disaster is looming.

In order to understand the interaction between volcanic and seismotectonic processes, some meaningful terms have to be comprehended (Zobin, 2012). For instance, a volcano is a vent in the surface of the Earth that has in its internal structure a magma reservoir with gases and in its external structure solidified ejected material (Zobin, 2012). In the matter of its internal structure, it is considered that the gases govern great part of the life of a volcano (Zobin, 2012). Those volcanic gases, also known as volatiles, can explain the dissolution and exsolution processes within the magma stages (Kazahaya et al., 2015). As a consequence, gases are a trigger that can cause a volcanic eruption and, thus, seismic activity (Zobin, 2012). Therefore, correlations between volcanic gas studies and geophysical methods, such as infrasound and seismicity, provide understanding in volcanic phenomena and may predict volcanic eruptions (Kazahaya et al., 2015). Volcanic seismology is the study of the origin of seismic signals related with volcanic processes (Zobin, 2012). The nature of this science rests over the mathematical and physical approach that describes the sources producing seismic waves (Zobin, 2012). Volcanic earthquakes have been used for monitoring and forecasting eruptions (Sigurdsson et al., 2015). They are divided into two groups, which are the volcano-tectonic and eruption earthquakes (Zobin, 2012). Those two groups split into four types, which are part of