Principles and Practices of Management

The hierarchical organization structure is pyramid-shaped. At the top of the structure is a single person, who has a small number of people reporting directly to them. Each of these people has several people reporting into them and the number of people at each level increases as you move down the structure.

A Hierarchical structure is a term used to organise a business into different categories of employees that contain multiple types of groups, which would be typically in a chain of commands that is usually in a pyramid that contains a large number of employees, so the lower part of the pyramid having the responsibility of a small role, meanwhile the upper part of the pyramid consists of roles that carry a big responsibility. However, there is one rank that is one

The organisational structure that Tesco PLC has is a hierarchical structure which consists of multiple layers. This type of business structure means that it looks a pyramid from the chain of command. It’s broken down into levels where the higher the level the higher rank and authority. For example, the workers of Tesco PLC are the large base at the bottom of the hierarchical structure. Then continues further up the pyramid to a higher ranked level. The employees at Tesco PLC are ranked at different levels, the levels are above each other. Of which less people there are as the levels go higher; the highest level is where the chief executive is at top.

In some cultures superiors are dependent on subordinates as consultation on a limited extent, which makes it easy and pleasant for subordinates to approach and contact their superiors. In contrast, in some cultural groups power is always centralized. Only a considerable dependence exists from subordinators to superiors.

“One great opportunity for target would be to start a club card kind of like what grocery

• Top-Level Management: It is the highest level and all employees aspire to reach this level. It comprised of few people mostly executives who give the organization its general direction towards achieving its goals. They are responsible for making critical decisions since they possess a lot of experience.

Horizontal structures are traditional vertical organizational charts turned on its side (Gladstone, 1991). A horizontal organization has a less-defined chain of command. Employees have similar input into how the organization should run. Employees may perform many different functions and may report to several supervisors, rather than a single boss. Project managers or team leaders report to a team of

There are four functions of management: planning, organizing, leading and controlling. The four basic principles of management found in all businesses and corporations. Management is a process designed to achieve an organization's objectives by using its resources effectively and efficiently in a changing environment.

They suggested that the use of authority by the manager which is a boss centered leadership style or the area of freedom given to subordinates is a function of the following factors such as

The three levels referred to in the model's name are Public, Private and Personal leadership. The model is usually presented in diagram form as three concentric circles and four outwardly directed bolts, with personal leadership in the center

This is an example of tall hierarchy structure as there is many levels of hierarchy from top to lower level executives

Chapter eight in our text talks about how “culture, or shared values within the organization, may be related to increased performance” (Carpenter, M., Taylor, B., Erdogan, B. (2009). Principles of Management. Nyack, NY: Flat World Knowledge, pdf page 192) and how those cultures can make or break a company. It is these shared values from those who lead that allow their employees to know acceptable and unacceptable behavior. There is also mention of how a leader’s style can motivate and inspire employees, or it can make employment uninventive, humdrum and cause the employee to be unimpressed and bored. The text also tells us how business culture is invisible, but it is extremely powerful. It sounds to me that James Lincoln, younger brother of John Lincoln who was the founder of Lincoln Electric Company, had the right culture for their business. Right from the start James Lincoln was determined to improve his older brothers small company and help it grow.

The organization is designed in a top tier down hierarchical structure with decisions and planning being made at the top of the structure and passed down to the bottom, level by level.

To whom do you think is performance appraisal more significant to the organization or to the individual? Justify.

Ans.: In spite of following the traditional management skills, Mr. Vincent was a good and