Product Backtracking Apple’s MacBook Pro

This essay attempts to compare and to contrast the theories of Walt Rostow's stages of social and economic development and Wallerstein's world system theory. The Rostow's five-stage model of economic growth and core-periphery concept of Wallerstein’s three-part world system theory are both used to identify a country's development. Although they have similarities, there are differences between the two models. Rostow's five-stage model emphasizes on the development process of countries. On the other hand, Wallerstein's three- part world theory focuses more on the characteristics of the three parts of the world.

Apple products are designed in California USA and manufactured in different foreign countries such as China, Taiwan, Korea, Mongolia, and Europe which produce part of the devices, most of the raw material ‘Earth Minerals’ to produce these items can be found in China. Since technology has a lot of benefits in human’s life, the demand has been increase year by year which make business to expand and hiring more people in the company. From 2005 to 2015 the number of full-time employee’s has been increase more than 80 thousands.

It is most commonly used in society when a growth for the better happens, whether it is integrating society, economic, or personal developments. Though what one does not take into consideration is that a “problem” is something that has—developed from the norms. Development is a term that is both mutually good and bad, and in order for an individual to use the word “development" correctly it needs to be used neutrally.

Globalization has also had a significant impact on Apple's supply chain. The company earns high profits because it is able to produce its products at a low price and then sell them at a high price (Chakrabotty, 2012). In addition, the company has noted that it assembles its products in China because all of the components are made there this in addition to the low cost of assembly labor. Apple facilitates this by working with logistics suppliers like FedEx who can quickly move finished goods around the world via a number of hubs. All of Apple's products, for example, arrived in the United States in Oakland, California and from there make their way to the customer.

Development indicators measure different aspects of a countries development. For example, life expectancy gives an idea of how long a person is expected to live in a particular country. The higher the life expectancy, the longer a person is expected to live and therefore you can make conclusions about the countries level of development can such as the country is likely to have good medical provision and public health. However, a high value does not necessarily indicate a high level of development. For example, a low number of people per doctor actually indicates a more developed country as does a low value for birth rate and death rate.

Measuring World Development Development is a complex economic, social and political phenomenon. There are a range of simple and composite indicators used to measure development. There are many definitions of development, perhaps the most used is; “Development refers to a number of characteristics such as demographic change, economic growth, an increase in the case of resources, modernisation, higher levels of technology and political freedom.” Indicators of development are put into four sectors: Economic, Social, Political and environmental.

Jeremy Williams published an article on the political factors of certain countries that tend to make them less developed. His article states that governments need to do lots of things to encourage development (Williams 2009). Countries need to build and maintain infrastructure and raise and spend finance wisely on the right projects (Williams 2009). When governments are inept at managing infrastructure, development is impossible (Williams 2009). This shows that for a country to obtain a more developed, wealthy, and established country, it must have a stabilized government. Africa’s government has been quite unstable throughout the years, which has caused it’s lack of wealth (Williams 2009). Another political factor that has affected the reason why Africa is less developed is the burden of a long term conflict (Williams 2009). Somalia for example, has been going through a raging war, which seems to be the main focus of the country, leaving no room for development (Williams

Why is it that some countries are classified as developed and others not? What is the criteria used to determine this? Some people believe that within the criteria to evaluate a country’s development, democracy and economic development must be taken into consideration, and that a link exists between them. Democracy can be defined as a form of government in which people choose their leaders by voting, it also implies equal rights and treatment. (Merriam Webster n.d.) By the other hand, economic development can be defined as the progress in an economy referring to an improvement of living standards, the adoption of new technologies and the transition form an agricultural to an industrial based economy. (Business Dictionary n.d.)

The article “What Is Development “was written by Hugo Slim and published by Taylor and Francis. Ltd. on behalf of Oxfam GB .The paper emphasized on the ideal of genuine development and the principles of diversity and originality as essentials element of genuine development.

Development is defined as “the process of change operating over time- the process by which countries and societies advance and become richer’’. The modern 20th century defines development as” the process of change which allows all the basic needs of a region to be met, thereby achieving greater social justice and quality of life and encouraging people to fulfill their potential’’. Todaro defines development as “the process of improving the quality of all human lives through raising people’s living standards, their incomes, consumption levels of food, medical services, education, raising people’s self-esteem through the establishment of social, political and economic systems and institutions that promote dignity and respect and increasing people’s

The term developmental state has been widely utilised to describe any state experiencing a period of economic development and improvement in living standards (Pham, 2012). One of the most significant arguments in this scope is the performance of developmental state model. A number of scholars have attempted to investigate this issue and arguments can be divided into three categories. Proponents of state intervention indicate that the state plays an indispensable role in directing economic development and utilising the resources of the country to achieve development goals. On the contrary, those who oppose state-led model argue

Afterwards, the authors proceed to define the term ‘development’ using quotes and statements from a few other authors. But, the central idea of development, no matter how the definition may be worded, takes into account the themes of process and condition, or the change of condition. In addition, when regarding the immediate era after the war, development relied on economic growth of a country measured by its Gross National Product (GNP) (221). The Gross National Product, according to Encyclopedia Britannica, is the “total market value of the final goods and services produced by a nation’s economy during a specific period of time (usually a year), computed before allowance is made for the depreciation or consumption of capital used in the process of production” (Encyclopedia Britannica).

Development for the sake of progress is generally assumed to be good. However, the discourse on development has brought into play conventional thinking of development as a form of progress toward poorer regions of the world in order for capitalistic countries to enjoy economic and political wealth. These presuppositions are problematic in terms of how development is seen as a normative form of social evolution and instrumental in its’ need of intensifiers that state those regions are lacking. Development as a form of social change is destructive because it signifies there are issues waiting to be solved. Arturo Escobar states that development needs to rid itself of its discursive history because the very act of Western hegemonic forces helping third world countries reasserts the notion of its moral and cultural superiority in a supposedly post-colonial time.

According to Alan Thomas, development is seen as an historical era attesting for social changes which has transformed society over a long period. He also made mention that development is a deliberate intent for progress through government, its agencies, social movements and other organizations (Thomas, 1992).

Studying development is essentially about measuring how developed one country is compared to other countries or to the same country in the past. It is common knowledge that each country is aiming to be defined as developed. For us is to determine which measure is a better representative of how country is developed HDI or GNP per capita.