Production Of An Atmospheric Crude Residue From Kirkuk Crude Oil, And High Pressure Trickle Bed Reactor

Techniques and equipment used throughout the experiment include a reflux apparatus, separatory funnel for isolation, vacuum filtration, and simple distillation. The reflux condenser is used to allow thorough distillation of the product with the use of heat to accelerate and stir while vapors

Gasoline are complex mixtures of hydrocarbons (Gary et al, J., 2007) additives, and blending agents. The composition of gasoline depends on the refinery processes, the crude oil used, the overall balance of product demand, and the especially the product specifications. The typical composition of gasoline hydrocarbons (% volume) is: 4-8% alkanes; 2-5% alkenes; 25-40% isoalkanes; 3-7% cycloalkanes; l-4% cycloalkenes; and 20-50% total aromatics (0.5-2.5% benzene). Table 1 shows

5.Position gas collecting hose so it runs from reaction vessel through gas collecting box to opening of the graduated cylinder. The idea is that any gas coming through the tube will rise in the graduated cylinder and displace the water in it.

The process of making synthetic crude oil requires an enormous amount of water, especially in the separation process. Each barrel of oil requires two tons of oil sands and up to five barrels of hot water. Water is also needed along with electricity to convert it steam. The steam is pushed by steam injections making bitumen less viscous. It is quite evident that oil sands are not practical in terms of its process. Also three-quarters of the bitumen can be recovered from the sands, leaving behind 25% as waste. With the technology in our present society, oil sands are not entirely practical in terms of efficiency; however, in the future, this may change. To reflect, there are many disadvantages associated with oil sands, especially in the way it is processed.

The heat rise element, i.e. nuclear reactor is modeled in such a way that the temperature of helium exiting the reactor and entering the helium turbine is maintained at 1173 K (900 0C). During part load operation of the Brayton cycle, the mass flow rate is reduced. By reducing the reactor power output, the temperature of helium can be maintained at the design point value. Load following

(II) The carbon range is dependent upon the source of the petroleum product. Heavy petroleum fractions correspond with motor oil range organics.

The purpose of this paper is to explain the depositional environment, petrology, mineralogy, structure, exploration, technology, methods of extraction and processing, as well as the applications and economics of oil in the Greater Green River Basin. This paper will mainly focus on the oil shale within the basin but will also touch on some of the more conventional oil and gas plays as well. According to Crawford and Killen (2010), Oil Shale is defined as being “a sedimentary rock embedded with organic material called kerogen… and has not been under the necessary heat, pressure, and/or depth for the right length of time to form crude oil”. Oil shale is typically found in silica and carbonate based rocks that are usually no greater than 900

Determining the Molar Volume of a Gas Anita Lau Partner: Anthony Yuen Ms B. IDC4U 24 April, 2015 Purpose: In this experiment, the molar volume ( the volume occupied by one mole of a gas) of hydrogen gas at standard temperature and pressure is measured. According to Avogadro's Law, at the same temperature and pressure, equal volumes of gases contain the same number of molecules. Therefore the volume of any given gas must be proportional to the number of moles of molecules present when the temperature and pressure are constant.

By increasing the I/O ratio, the surface area for reaction is increased. However, increasing the fresh isobutane into the unit can have the negative effect of reducing the amount of BB. Outside of improving the amount of fresh isobutane, an alternative is to improve the distillation which increases the amount of isobutane in the refrigeration recycle. Noticeably, I/O has been low in the contactors, especially B contactor. B contactor has less isobutane than C and A because the refrigerant recycle is controlled by the DCS for C and A, but B is in manual (see Figure 6, pg.7).

Part 1, week one, of this experiment consisted of the Synthesis of Cyclohexene and Simple Distillation. A 5ml short-necked, round-bottomed flask was obtained to add 3.0mL of cyclohexanol into it. Then, 0.75mL of 85% phosphoric acid using a pipette as well as adding a few boiling chips, to prevent bumping. The flask was then connected to the simple distillation apparatus. To set this apparatus up, micro-kit, such as the following, were used to build it: short-necked, round-bottom flask, Viton connector with a support rod. A distillation head with a 105° connecting adapter, air condenser, rubber connector, thermometer, thermometer adapter, Erlenmeyer flask that was used as the receiving flask, and a sand bath. The thermometer was carefully inserted into the rubber connector by holding the thermometer close to the adapter and sliding it in the connector using a twisting like motion; this was done while avoiding any forcing action which would have led to breaking of the thermometer. After the apparatus was built, the thermometer was fixed therefore its bulb was below the side arm and was not touching the sides of the glass; which ensured that the thermometer recorded the temperature of vapors which were distilling off. The apparatus was lowered making the round-bottomed flask rest in the sand bath and tilting it therefore the condenser end is resting on the Erlenmeyer flask. The sand bath was turned on to start heating the reaction mixture. The reaction was boiled for 10 minutes before distilling was proceeded. After the ten minutes, the temperature of the sand bath was increased and distilling of the cyclohexene was commenced. The distillation head was wrapped with aluminum foil to prevent heat from going out. A spatula was used to adjust the sand surrounding the round-bottomed flask to control the amount of heat that it tales in; it was adjusted therefore making the rate of distillation not faster than 2 drops per minute. Vapors were directed through the air condenser and were condensed back into liquid into the receiving flask. The simple distillation distilling temperature range was collected by recording the temperature of the first drop of distillate that is collect and the temperature of the last drop

In this column, the main separation occurs between the heavy and middle components. Therefore, p-Xylene is the heavy key and Toluene is the light key. Since the required purity of p-Xylene in the bottoms is 92%, the remaining 8% must be made of Toluene. Therefore the mole fraction of light key in the bottoms is specified to be 0.08. Since Toluene is meant to have 9% impurity and 4.5% is already accounted by Benzene from the top part of the column, the mole fraction of p-Xylene in the top can be estimated to be 0.045. This is done under the assumption that the molar flow rates of both middle streams are the same. When SRCT2-Bottoms stream and SRCT3-Distillate stream is mixed using a mixing unit, it showed the mole fraction of Toluene to be 0.9098. To make the shortcut simulation to reach the specification, the light key in the SRCT-2 column and heavy key in the SRCT-3 column was adjusted. After several trail and errors a mole fraction of 0.0505 for Benzene in SRCT-2 and 0.0402 for p-Xylene in SRCT-3 column gave a mole fraction of 0.91 for toluene in the side stream. The number of stages calculated by the SRCT-3 column was 29 and the optimal feed stage was 18. The conditions at which SRCT3-Distillate and SRCT3-Bottoms are produced can be seen on table 6. Figure 36 shows the SRCT-3 shortcut column. When SRCT2-Bottoms and SRCT3-Distillate

A way to approach the elimination of carbon monoxide from car exhaust is through the use of organometallic catalysts. Through the use of a catalyst, a reaction can occur at a faster rate and at lower activation energy. Said catalysts serve are of great commercial interest because they essentially convert simple mole-cules into more complex ones.6 Unlike homogeneous catalysts, heterogeneous catalysts are not in the same phase as how the reac-tion is occurring. Because of this, the catalysts are considered to be cheaper and easier to obtain. It is also considered more envi-ronmentally friendly to use.6-7

What is hydrogen cracking? It is probably the most talked about failure mechanism associated with the welding industry. It is also known as hydrogen induced cracking, (HIC); hydrogen assisted cracking, (HAC); cold cracking,(CC); delayed cracking, (DC); under-bead cracking, (UBC); and hydrogen embrittlement, (HE).

Beside catalyst, reactor design is of high importance. There are different types of reactors for performing FTS such as multi-tubular fixed bed reactors (also named trickle bed reactor, developed by Shell), Slurry Bubble Column Reactors (or SBCR, developed by Sasol), Fluidized bed and circulating fluidized bed reactors (namely Synthol, invented by Kellogg and developed by Sasol) [9, 14, 15]. Although each reactor has it's own advantages, but ease of

In Sudan (Hegilg & Baleela oil fields) [see Figure (3): Sudan oil blocks updated concession map], the