Production of an Artificial Knee Joint

The surgical procedure. A total knee replacement is a surgical procedure where the diseased knee joint is completely replaced by artificial materials that resemble the original knee joint. The orthopedic surgeon removed the end of the femur and the end of the tibia by using metal pieces and sawing the bone, to ensure that he removes the right amount of bone. The end of the femur bone is replaced with metal and the end of the tibia bone is replaced with plastic and metal. A plastic piece was added under the patella because the surface under the patella was damaged as well. These artificial materials, called prosthesis, have smooth surfaces so when they rub against each other, it does not cause damage and is pain-free. The purpose of this surgery is to remove the diseased portions of the joint and replace it with artificial materials to prevent further deterioration and eliminate pain, stiffness, and decreases in function that were caused by the osteoarthritis.

The knee is an integral joint in terms of movement, but this joint absorbs much impact while it supports the weight of the body. Depending on the type of activities that you engage in, the level of impact absorbed by your knee may vary. The knee joint connects the kneecap (the patella) with the second bone in the lower part of the leg (the fibula). It also connects the shin bone (the tibia) with the thigh bone (the femur). Four ligaments serve to stabilize the joint; these ligaments are known as the Lateral Collateral Ligament, Medial Collateral Ligament, Posterior Cruciate Ligament, and the Anterior Cruciate Ligament.

Materials- candle ( 2cm diameter), matchbook, 2 toothpicks, Limewater solution, string, aluminum foil, Cobalt Chloride paper

3D printing or additive manufacturing is a process of making three-dimensional solid objects from a digital design. The creation of a 3D printed object is achieved using additive processes. In an additive process the desired object is created by laying down successive layers of material (usually molten alloy or plastics) until the entire object is formed. Each of these layers can be seen as a thinly sliced horizontal cross-section of the eventual object.

Current knee brace are designed using a combination of plastic, metal and or other composite material for basic support. The additional features such as heating & cooling system (HCS), massage vibrators (MV), adding adjustor system (AS) and semi-manual strapping system (SMS) will revolutionize and modify the way we treat various knee disabilities and injury which is often overlooked globally. By combining different components together we have made a portable, multi-accessory product that can help multitudes of people to get better.

1. Place a small amount of wax from a birthday candle into a test tube. Heat gently over a burner flame until the wax melts completely; then allow

The purpose of this article is to compare the laxity and stiffness of the knee joint in male and female cadavers. Three different directions will be evaluated, anterior-posterior, internal-external, and varus-valgus. Females are at a two to eight times greater risk of an ACL injury than a male. This is due to the laxity in the joints. Females also have limited proprioception in the knee joint, which may attribute to some injuries. This study used a technique using cadaver knees to complete this study.

I chose to study Marshmallows because they are a much loved american snack. they are a very odd consistency and i have always wondered how they are made.

It would squirt out a thick elongated bead of plastic (like squeezing out a long bead of toothpaste) one layer at a time starting with a bottom layer, and build up the wall with successive layers until it finishes the top row. The plastic bead material would quickly solidify. 3D printers can build up very complex objects this way out of a variety of materials. The printer only needs instructions and raw material.

The knee is one of the largest and most complex joints in the body. The knee has two joints the tibia (shin bone) joins the femur (thigh bone) this joint is known as the tibiofemoral joint the second joint is called patellofemoral which are joins between the kneecap and the femur. The patellofemoral and tibiofemoral works together to form the synovial hinge joint this hinge joint allows the knee to rotate a little and move side to side, it also allows the knee to be straight and bend. When standing the thigh (femur) and shin bone (tibia) locks together to form a firm component; when sitting the two bones hardly touch each other. According to HealthPages, there are five main parts of the knee joints which are bones, ligaments, tendons, cartilages

The knee is a hinge joint which gives the legs mobility. The muscles and ligaments of this joint allows flexion and extension of the leg. “Because the knee supports the majority of the body weight, it is at risk of overuse and traumatic injuries” (France). The knee is composed of 3 major bones; the femur, tibia, and the fibula. The femur is the biggest bone in the human body, the inferior end flares out into two rounded landmarks called femoral condyles. Their name comes from the side of the body they are on, which is where we get Lateral Femoral Condyle and Media Femoral Condyle. Superiorly to these condlyes are the medial and lateral femoral epicondyles. The bones inferior to the femur are the Tibia and Fibula. The superior end of the Tibia flares out into slightly concave structures called the Tibial Plateaus. A crescent wedge shape of cartilage sits in each plateau. These are the Medial Meniscus and the Lateral Meniscus. This cartilage acts as a shock absorber and distributes forces. “The menisci are bathed by the synovial fluid of the knee” (France). The meniscus is what separates the each side of the Tibia and Femur and the transverse ligament connects each menisci. There is a circular bone on the

People undergo total knee replacement when arthritis or injury erodes the joint's natural cushioning to the point where it's hard to walk even short distances without severe pain.

The knee joint is formed by the articulation of the distal end of the femur and the proximal end of the tibia. The fibula is only involved to the extent that it serves as an attachment site for connective tissue. In this paper, the anatomy of the joint will be discussed.

The knee is made up of two joints, the tibiofemoral and the patellofemoral. The tibiofemoral joint is composed of the thigh and shin bones. The patellofemoral joint forms the kneecap. This type of joint is called a hinge joint. This type of joint can bend, straighten and twist.

Custom Molds Inc., manufactures custom designed molds for plastic parts and produces custom made plastic connectors for the electronics industry. Established in 1987, the primary focus was to provide manufacturers or electronic connectors a source of high-quality custom-designed molds for producing plastic parts. After building a strong brand reputation through the designing and fabrication of precision molds, Custom Mold’s expanded into the limited manufacture of plastic parts. The operations at Custom Mold’s include a process for fabricating molds and a second process for producing plastic parts.