Generally, the issue of ethics especially in the business world is very complicated. Accordingly, many scholars have tried to explain the rationale behind being ethical. For instance, early scholars such as Milton Freidman and Adam Smith explains this issue by exploring on the social responsibilities of corporates, as well as in the theory of incentives whereby the rationale is driven by the needs of either the firm or an individual who is profit maximization and maximization of utility by households. This paper critiques two articles on professional ethics in public administration. The first article under critique is Professional Ethics and Public Administration in the United States authored by Moataz Fattah. In his introduction, Fattah (2011) defines the importance of professional ethics by arguing that the lack of ethical workplaces across the world has partly contributed to skepticism and a widespread lack of confidence in public officials and institutions among the citizenship. According to the author, this diminished confidence in public institutions ultimate results to the phenomenon of decline state capacity, weak or soft states or even failed states. In essence, no development and progress can occur if public institutions lack credibility and are regarded as unethical are corrupt. To provide a solution, Fattah suggests looking at several nations that have been able to control corruption and maintain strict ethical monitoring such as the United States.
Leaders in the public sector are expected to maintain a level of morality and integrity which serves the interests of society, while at the same time demonstrates personal responsibility, diplomacy, and truthfulness. Therefore, when attempting to arrive at appropriate ethical decisions, public administrators must possess the capacity to exercise moral imagination. However, moral imagination is not enough. Responsible administration in the public sector also requires acting based on the “right”
The roll of ethics in public administration is based on the administration; administrators should be value-free when they implement public policy. I will discuss why ethics should be based on the administration and, why it should not be based on each individual worker in the administration. I will discuss Weber’s stance on values in bureaucratic organizations, what Macintyre suggests, and what Hummel and Goodsell would conclude about values in public administration. Most people do not understand what an administration deals with everyday on an individual basis. They might think that an administration is supposed to make the best ethical choices, but that is not the case. People who are outside the administration might think that administrators are supposed to use everyday values when implementing policy, but that is also not the case.
The author Robert Solomon argues that ethics has to an integral part with regard to business management. He does not believe that business management must include unethical or illegal methods to be able to succeed. Solomon preaches that business management is not as simple as obtaining revenue. “Businesses need to abide by fair policies and their owners have to be ethical in dealing with their customers” (Shaw p. 37). The author acknowledges that while illegal practices in business management could bring positive results at first, eventually the business is bound to fail. This is why Solomon recommended eight important policies that can help businesses in integrating ethics into their operations.
Business ethics and values have developed through time and crosswise over orders into a field, which is a standout amongst the most vital subjects in the field of business. For the authentic improvement of business morals, it is vital, to begin with, a meaning of business ethics and values in a worldwide setting (Savage, 2005). The study characterize business ethics and values from an administrative viewpoint as choices about what is correct or wrong (worthy or unsuitable) in the authoritative setting of arranging and actualizing business exercises in a worldwide business condition to profit (Child, 2015). The development
The paper explores the United States Government’s efforts to put in place laws that guide the ethical behavior of its civil service employees. From the founding of the nation, ensuring ethical behavior by government employees has been a recurring theme, and legislation, laws, and executive orders have been implemented at each stage of our government’s growth to guide federal employees in the ethical administration of their duties. However, at what point do the laws become too restrictive on the very citizens who have sworn to uphold our nation’s democratic values? A history of legislation, laws and executive orders is given along with
York University.” (Bermudez, 2010) The Code of Ethics should reflect the policies, processes, and controls of the organization it was written for. One of the most tempting things to do would be to copy policies from another institution for the purposes of attempting to create a “best practices” document. Unless doing so is a true reflection of the principle organizations business processes and practices the Code will not efficiently create the protective shell nor will it help to inspire and direct the staff within the organization. In Kyarimpa’s book review of Svara James’ “The Ethics Primer for Public Administrators in Government and Nonprofit Organizations” she points out the authors statement that “duty-based ethics is inherent in public servants because they enter the profession motivated by a sense of duty to serve.” Attention to inclusion of that sense of servitude in the institution’s mission, motto, and Code of Ethics will do well to infuse that theme throughout the actions of day to day practices. At the very
Ethics are values and principles that individuals use to govern his decisions and activities. Ethics are about moral judgment of an individual about right and wrong. In an organization, code of ethics refers to set of guiding principles and organizations use these principles in their policies, programs, and decisions for business. Within organizations, decisions are taken by groups or individuals and these decisions are influenced by the culture of the company. Decision making and relevance of ethics may also differ for nonprofit and for profit organizations. In contemporary business environment, organizations must have a clear ethical policy and implement it in proper manner. There are many social, legal and economic outcomes that company has to face in case of any ethical dilemma, so there must be a smart strategy to deal with ethical dilemmas. In this paper, we will address the ethics for nonprofit and profits organizations, ethical dilemmas being faced or faced by each of these companies and the outcomes of these ethical dilemmas. Critique of actions of each of these companies will be provided from the point of view of applicable philosophical theories of organizational ethics.
No matter what profession is there are always a few who do not tend to their job in the appropriate manner. However, few positions have authority over the general public. It is important to make sure that any person who holds a position of authority in the American government has a great character. Good Ethics are a great foundation for this concept.
Smith, you must promote ethical behavior based on the unified ethic system. You must first seek to understand the unified ethic system and then provide training for all employees regarding the system. This will enable them to learn that the unified ethic allows one moral structure to be applied across all situations encountered in either the private or public sector. Your experience gained from the private sector will aid you in understanding and relating the compatibility of private and public morality under this system. This is important to note as you transition to public service. Geuras and Garofalo (2011) state, “...one morality is applicable in both public and private affairs. The apparent difference is not in the moral systems, but in the additional factors that a public official must consider by virtue of the responsibilities of public service” (p. 241). Application of one moral system will be key in unifying the ethical decision making process within the city’s
In doing their profession, a public sector manager must adhere social norms, profession ethics and law. Otherwise, the breach of these guidance will draw public attention, which resulting public scepticism and cynicism to public institution. However, in running its position as public sector managers, they are forced by shareholders to achieve the best possible outcomes with any action as possible. In these circumstances, a public sector manager could do an unethical behaviour in order to obtain the goals. These conditions have drawn controversy among citizens regarding the action that has been done by public sector managers to accomplish their goals. Therefore, the focus of this essay is to explain the ethical issues which occur
Often times, in the public administration field, ethics are forgotten and tend to stay out of the picture when discussing policies. Policies are often made by step-by-step processes and provide little ways to be adaptable and are not flexible. In Ethics in the Public Service: The Moral Mind at Work (1999), Garofalo and Geuras seek to bring ethics back to the table and provide new and improved ways to include ethics into the public administration field (p. 1). They specifically focus on philosophical theories that may be applied to public administration, while also analyzing and critiquing them. Philosophy is a major focus they emphasized in all 5 of the chapters in the book.
Public administrators have a greater than responsibility than most, as their actions have consequences that may affect the general public. I would suggest that the primary ethical values public administrators should possess are respect, trustworthiness, and fairness. Public administrators are charged with implementing policies and practices, as decided through the democratic process. They are charged with a tremendous responsibility of being the operational wing of government.
It is one thing to establish a code of ethical conduct for an organization in the public sector, but it is quite another to really impress upon all employees the importance of living up to that code of conduct. What makes a code of conduct and how can management be assured that all employees understand the code and follow it's values and guidelines? How do not-for-profit professions stack up against for-profit professionals when it comes to ethics? This paper delves into codes of conduct in the public and sector and provides a review of several scholarly articles that present specific instances where codes of conduct are part of the workplace culture.
In the ethical battle of whether to move forward in publishing the compensation of taxpayer-funded city employees, I am choosing to move forward with the story. I have two possible courses of action in which I can take: to publish the story or not to publish the story. I am moving forward with the story because this story is about transparency and transparency with the public. Taxpayers are paying to fund these employees; therefore, it would be a disservice to them to terminate the story. However, I will only disclose the public employee’s basic compensation and job title, but I will not identify the employees by name. By publishing the story, members of the community have the option to further research salary information of government
Like most business professions, there has to be a strong sense of ethics and responsibility. Especially professions like law or public accounting. They must have strong standards of integrity. In public accounting, people rely heavily on the information being provided on companies. Any mistakes or intentional cover up will have high costs to the economy and dire consequences. Even though there are laws and standards that regulate auditing, it does not completely stop or prevent firms from doing immoral acts. Before Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, auditing for both public and privately held companies followed the AICPA 's standards of the 10 generally accepted auditing standards. In the years 2000-2002, there had been an increased of major