Prognostic Biomarker Identification

We studied the correlation between the micro-vascular density and pathological tumor staging that revealed high positive correlation between MVD and tumor stage was observed (r = 0.606, p = 0.001). From the ROC curve, by applying the cut off value =37.63 MVD, the higher MVD above the cut off

Cancer is a term used for diseases in which irregular cells divide without any control and have the capability to penetrate and infect normal body tissue through the blood and lymph system. Cancer is the second leading cause of mortality in the United States, exceeded barely by heart disease. According to the CDC Cancer Statistics and Data, there were more than 1.45 million people diagnosed with various kind of cancer between 1999 and 2007 and out of those more than 562,000 people died due to cancer (cdc.gov, 2012). Currently there are more than 200 different types of cancer that have been discovered. Cancer could be

The M category tells whether there are distant metastases (spread of cancer to other parts of body).

Abstract: Breast cancer research over the last decade has been tremendous and the novel methods being develop help in the early detection, in setting the stages of the therapy and in assessing the response of the patient to the treatment. Some of the studies look very promising and their use in future may decrease the radiation dose to the patient. This paper studies various techniques used for the diagnosis of breast cancer. Different methods are explored for their merits and de-merits for the diagnosis of breast lesion. It was found that the recent use of the combination of Artificial Neural Networks in most of the instances give accurate results for the diagnosis of breast cancer and their use can also be extended to other diseases.

KNN method is used here for calculating the occurrence percentage of cancer by uploading the input in excel format. The input data has minimum and maximum ranges of tested values such as WBC, RBC, HGB, HCT, MCV, MCH, MCHC, PLT, RDWSD, DW, MPV, PLCR, PCT, NRBC, NEUT, LYMPH, MONO, EO, BASO, and IG. These values are compared with our dataset containing various ranges and the occurrence percentage is calculated. Let us consider the uploading file name as range.xls. For uploading the following steps to be performed,

1. Introduction and Problem Statement: Cancer has a major societal impact in the United States and across the globe. In 2015, an estimated 1,658,370 new cases of cancer will be diagnosed in United States, and 589,430 people are estimated to die of the disease. Unfortunately, low cancer cell availability in human samples is a current barrier for early disease detection. There is an unmet medical need to improve methods of early cancer detection so that patients can receive treatment before cancer metastasizes to other areas of the body, resulting in better health outcomes.

Despina Kontos, the lab PI of the department of radiology at Penn along with her team, the CBIG (Computational Breast Imaging Group) is working on developing a research program that can assess and identify if a woman is at high risk of developing breast cancer by analyzing the breast density and parenchymal texture from digital breast images. The goal is to incorporate lengthy biomarkers of cancer risk information into better assessment of breast cancer risk for women. Despina believed that technology has helped cancer research in many ways, she said that technology has “made available imaging equipment that allow us to detect cancers at very early stages when they are easier to treat. In addition, technology has provided us with the ability to analyze a

Cancer is defined by the National Cancer Institute as “the name given to a group of related diseases. In all types of cancer, some of the body’s cells begin to divide without stopping and spread into surrounding tissues.” Cancer can develop at almost any part of the human body and anyone can develop cancer, although risk typically increases with age because most cancers tend to require many years to develop. Typically, human cells tend to grow and divide and ultimately form new cells as the body needs them. When an organisms cells grow old or get damaged, the cells die, and new ones replace them. However when cancer develops, this orderly process gets reformatted. As cells increasingly get more irregular, old or

Mammography is a prevailing diagnostic method in breast tumor. However, in view of its minimal positive predicted value, over the half (70%) of requests for doing breast biopsies based on the interpretation of the mammograms are worthless as the results will demonstrate no malignancy. There are several computer aided diagnostic methods to decline doing needless biopsies. This study was conducted to diagnose both benign and malignant tumors using neural network. The database was included 961 patients’ records, which consist of 5 attributes (e.g. age, tumor density, type of abnormality, shape and margins). Just over half (53.6%) of cancer data was concerned to benign tumors and the others pertained to malignant ones. Incomplete instances were

The assessment of nuclear atypia, mitotic count and lymphocyte infiltration in invasive lesions are challenging areas of diagnostic pathology with significant discordance among pathologists. This significant inter- and intra-observer discordance can have a negative impact on clinical care, as these factors can be used to guide clinical decisions today (e.g., use of chemotherapy in high-grade breast cancer) and may have an even larger impact on clinical decisions in the future (e.g., assessment of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes to guide the use of immunotherapies). Thus, the accurate pathological diagnosis represents a critical decision-point in clinical medicine, and there would be tremendous clinical utility to a more objective, reproducible and informative technology for the assessment of breast pathology. During my PhD training, I developed methods for mitosis detection in color and multispectral breast cancer histopathological images8,9, and I was a recipient of a copyright from CNRS France (CNRS Software No. DL 05963-01). In the ICPR 2012 contest on mitosis detection in breast cancer histological images, the color method I developed ranked second of 17 participants and the multispectral method I developed significantly outperformed other contestants’ results. Building on this prior work, in Specific Aim 3, I will extend these methods for advanced microscopy to analyze nuclei atypia, mitotic activity and lymphocytic infiltration from 3D lightsheet microscopy images, and

Stahl and Hoffman hypothesized that cancer was composed of fermenting and degenerating lymph with varying density, acidity and alkalinity.

Tumor markers and cancers cells are both produced by cancer that is the tale tell sign for the appropriate diagnosis. Tumor markers can help detect, diagnose and treat certain kinds of cancer. Doctors will biopsy, measure and test tumors to discover whether or not it is malignant or benign (“Tumor Markers). Tumor markers can reveal the stage along with the prognosis of the patient. Tumor markers not the only sign that can be used to discover cancer in a patient. Circulating tumor cells is also a useful tool. It is defined by the CellSearch assay, that CTC is a cell that is “EpCAM positive, cytokeratin positive, CD45 negative, and nuclear stain positive (Zhao et al., 2013).”

Breast cancer is the most common cause of death in women and the second leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide. Primary prevention in the early stages of the disease becomes complex as the causes remain almost unknown. However, some typical signatures of this disease, such as masses and micro-calcifications appearing on mammograms, can be used to improve early diagnostic techniques, which is critical for women’s quality of life. X-ray mammography is the main test used for screening and early diagnosis, and its analysis and processing are the keys to improving breast cancer prognosis. As masses and benign glandular tissue typically appear with low contrast and often very blurred, several computer-aided diagnosis schemes have been developed

The decisions to prescribe antibiotics are reliant on clinical examination of symptoms such as fever, sputum discoloration and breathlessness.4 In modern society, no clinical test can produce a flawless diagnosis. However, in an appropriate clinical context, point of care (POC) biomarkers can guide the clinician in determining antibiotic treatment in specific cases, by eliminating severe bacterial infections and identifying patient’s who will not benefit from antibiotics. The systematic review, “Biomarkers as point-of-care tests to guide prescription of antibiotics in patients with acute respiratory infections in primary care,” analysed the research of six studies, to assess whether POC biomarkers integrated with clinical examination is an

Taken together, these studies revealed that BH3 profiling may provide clinical benefits as a powerful diagnostic tool. Clinically, BH3 profiling is a rapid technology which takes less than 4 hours to receive test results after blood draw with high accuracy, indicative of a potential application in clinical prediction of responses to antagonists of anti-apoptotic proteins