Progressive Image Transmission Using Ofdm

This example focuses on the use of satellite networking, to broadcast the signal from the satellite, to the ground station. This type of technology involves the use of Zigbee at small distances, and WiMax for greater distances.

The stream of complex numbers is rearranged so that the pilots can be inserted. In each OFDM symbol, four pilot signals are inserted in order to make the coherent detection robust against frequency offsets and phase noise. The pilots are BPSK modulated by a pseudo binary sequence to prevent the generation of spectral lines [18]. A zero padded block adds zeros, in the right places, to adjust the IFFT bin size to length N. Selector block rearranges the sub-carriers so that real signal output can be generated. The IFFT block then computes the Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) of length N, where, for ease of implementation, N is a power of

Algorithm is proposed for data aided channel estimation in multipath fading channel using 16-QAM modulation technique for time varying OFDM system. Any rectangular QAM constellation is equivalent to superimposing two ASK signals on quadrature carriers (I & Q components). For 16-QAM modulation, the symbol size is 4 bits. Based upon the Karnaugh maps first two bits is considered as the two bits ASK modulated on the in-phase arm and next two bits is considered as the two bits of ASK modulated on the quadrature arm. Let PQRS be the four bits thus the respective values for each index in the array are taken as PQ+iRS. Proposed array indices (PQ+jRS) are the input to 16-QAM modulator and corresponding array values are the 16-QAM modulator output that are gray coded and mapped to constellation points. Let the variables PQ and RS with the four amplitude level {-3,-1.+1,+3}.Now the different pilot symbol bits are

In the recent years, wireless technologies have taken a new dimension in the ways society lives. Wireless broadband is available to everyone. Whether the users are at home, driving the car, sitting in the park, and it would even work while people are a pleasure boat ride in the middle of a lake. And because of this, the need to have information at any time and be connected in all places, all the time has been satisfied.

5G is the fifth generation wireless broadband technology based on the IEEE 802.11ac standard. 5G is provide high speed then 3G and 4G. 5G operates on 5GHZ signal and set is to offer speed up to 1 GB/s.

This paper presents the Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS), which is a behaviorally image based message that was developed in 1985 by Andrew S. Bondy Ph. D and Lori Frost, M.S., CCC/SLP in order to help children under the Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) to communicate with their environment. In this work I would like to present to the reader the theory behind this social intervention for children with autism which is Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA), then I want to explain the six phases of PECS, and the application within the classroom settings. At the end, these definitions would help us to better understand concepts and try to apply this technique in our diverse teaching-learning settings in order to help children under the Autism

Throughout time the need for an efficient way transmit codes were essential to success, after World War I and into the start of World War II American forces was running out of ideas for codes. The USA had always used the white’s soldiers for the code talkers because there were easy to train, and a abundance of them to choose making them the practice choose for code talkers. Until Philip Johnston, he was an initiator that worked for a Marine Corps ' program. As a kid and into his teens he grew up on a Navajo reservation and his dad was a missionary. Whit all the time that Johnston spent of the reservation he became familiar with the people and their language. With the use of the Navajos it grained equality for Native Americans which was not found in the late 1800’s, and soon it gained them a greater respect by the whites into today’s age.

Pec is a system that was developed in 1985 to help people with ASD communicate more effectively. PECS stands for Picture Exchange Communication System. Students with ASD often struggle and have difficulties communicating effectively with others starting from a very young age. Due to these difficulties. The child will often become easily frustrated with trying to verbalize or gesture their needs and wants. This can also be overwhelming for the person who's trying to receive the message as well. PECS was simply put in place to make things more simple for both communicating parties.

Children with Autism often have limited communication skills and rely on alternative communication methods to interact (Ganz, Parker & Benson, 2008). The Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS) uses a series of pictures to facilitate communication for individuals with Autism. Ganz, Parker, and Benson conducted a study to observe the effects of PECS on maladaptive behaviors frequently displayed by children with Autism. These behaviors include tantrums, biting, self-harm, and running away. This article review will discuss their methodology, results, limitations and possible clinical implications to be considered by speech-language pathologists (SLPs).

Picture Exchange Communication System (PECs) is a low-tech, highly versatile tool that can be used with students with any disability, students that struggle with English as their primary language, even with students that have several disabilities. PECS was originally created by the Pyramid Education Consultants and the cost varies depending on the program you purchase however, even low-income families can use PECS. PECS is simply the ability to put a picture with a word. PECS can be found online, Ipads or tablets, or by using any word documents and clip art. Even families without internet capability can use PECS by cutting out pictures from magazines or books and gluing to flash cards. PECS is vital for students because it is not limited to one content area, it is used in

Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS) is a systematic form of communication between two people by using picture cards and exchanging them to express oneself. The PECS system is used most often with children who have autism or other disabilities that causes them to lack speech and communication skills. “One of its greatest assets has received almost no attention in the theoretical or clinical literature. The picture exchange requires that attention be given to the message recipient using a behavior that does not require eye contact. (Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders)” The actual attention being given towards the message recipient demonstrates the communication aspect and demonstrates the difference between intentional action and intentional communication. Intentional communication signals behavior in which the child is aware of what was asked prior to the behavior taking place. Intentional action is when you carry out an action without being told anything prior. The child knows what s going to happened therefore that 's why they chose that behavior.

The Release 10 of LTE is the version that is approved by the ITU-R as an IMT Advanced technology and so is called LTE-Advanced. Release 10 of the LTE that came out in March 2011 included carrier aggregation, enhanced downlink MIMO, uplink MIMO, enhanced ICIC and advanced relays. Following the Release 10 came the Release 11 that incorporated enhanced carrier aggregation and additional intra-band carrier aggregation. In 2008 the work associated with IMT-Advanced within the ITU-R circulated the detailed requirements and process via a circular letter. For 3GPP, LTE advanced is not a new technology but is an evolutionary step in the ongoing development of LTE. To reach the IMT Advanced standards, wider bandwidth by aggregation of various multiple carriers and evolved use of advanced antenna techniques in both downlink and uplink are the two main phenomenon added in the Release 10 of LTE. The transmission scheme used for this technology is called OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) which is also prevalent in other radio-access technologies like WiMax and DVB broadcasting technologies.

One of the most interesting developments in recent years in the field of telecommunication is the use of laser light to carry information over large distances. It has been proved in

The transmission frequencies of WiMAX technology from 2.3MHz to 3.5GHz to make it low price wireless network. WiMAX technology need different hardware infrastructure to transmit channel bandwidth. The bandwidth signal is separately in OFDMA or Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexed Access which is used to carry data called sub carrier. Transmitted data divided into numerous data stream where everyone is owed to another sub carrier and then transmitted at the same broadcast interval. At the downlink path the base station broadcast the data for different user professionally over uninterrupted sub-carriers.

ABSTRACT: The demands for high bandwidth & high speed application are growing at a faster rate and with the minimum tolerance of error. To enhance available bandwidth and improve the quality of transmission convolution codes are used on the OFDM (Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing) communication system over AWGN channel. In OFDM (Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing) systems with channel equalization play a key role in overcoming distortions caused by phenomena like fading, delay spread and multipath effects. A new framework for designing robust adaptive filters is introduced. A series of review papers were already available to provide a history of the development of the field until the end of the last decade. During survey of work we have found that different authors have developed separate methods to solve the purpose. So from the study of various papers we can easily conclude that there is not any unique method. Hence in this work we come across to develop new adaptive channel equalization – OFDM algorithm to solve the purpose using MATLAB.