Project Mkultra Unethical

Through psychological warfare the involvement in our every day lives without our knowing or intention of benefiting its civilians is established. MKUltra was a CIA mind control program that began in the early 1950s that made illegal experimentation on unsuspecting people to further the research on mind control. This shocking illegal program crafted by the government brings to question what other things are being kept hidden. The evidence at hand of the existence of projects similar to MKUltra exhibits a disturbing, intrusive, abusive power. Although the government is the brain of the nation, this does not justify the illegal partaking interest in attempting to control its people through mind control. Since it will lead to corruption that will ultimately harm the Nation through self-benefiting selfish actions. Digging deeper in this iniquitous program, MKUltra can be

In todays society, the common consensus about human experimentation is that it is unethical, however, people in the past believed it was necessary to advance scientific discoveries. The Tuskegee syphilis study is a prime example of how scientists in the past disregarded the ethics of human experimentation to enhance scientific research. The study was an experiment where four- hundred to six-hundred uneducated African American men were tricked into being tested. Most of the patients were injected with the disease and left without treatment to discover its effects, while the others were safe being used as controls. This experiment lasted for Forty years and was probably the biggest example of unethical human experimentation in America. Fortunatley, the contrivertial actions taken in the experiment lead future generations to create the law of informed consent where the patient understands what will happen during their treatment. The inspiration for researching this topic was how in “The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks”, by Rebecca Skloot, Henrietta was used for a scientific study without her consent. In relation to Henrietta, the men in the syphilis study were not aware of what was happening to them and were experimented on without their consent. Overall, the human experimentation in the Tuskegee syphilis study was unethical in many ways.

It was formed as the result of Nazi cruelty( Polit & Beck,p.81).This code states that the human subjects must be provided information about the purpose, process ,reasonable risks of the experiment and their voluntary consent is crucial before the conduction of the study (HHS,2005) .In Tuskegee study, there was no evidence of informed consent from the participants .One of the principle from the code explains that the experiment must give good results for the society .By 1969 ,almost 100 men died from the complications of syphilis which does not relate to the ethical principle(Jones,p.2). The study must be conducted depending upon the results of animal experiments according to Nuremberg Code whereas there was no any initial animal experiment done before the Tuskegee Syphilis Study to determine the effects of untreated syphilis. The code also describes that the experiment should avoid unwanted physical and mental distress. Also, no any experiment should be conducted if there is a reason that death or injury might occur. The men in the Tuskegee study went through pain from syphilis. The researchers knew that if syphilis was not treated ,death might occur but they kept untreated .This clearly shows that The Tuskegee Syphilis Study avoided the ethical principles of Nuremberg Code even after it was available by 1947

Project MK Ultra was first brought to public attention by anonymous tips (“Id,”2016). Because of those tips, in 1975 the Church Committee of the U.S. Congress and Gerald Ford began to investigate CIA activities within the United States (“Id,”2016). Investigative efforts were initially hampered by the fact that CIA Director Richard Helms ordered all MK Ultra files destroyed in 1973; however, the Church Committee and Rockefeller Commission investigations relied on both the sworn testimony of direct participants and on the relatively small number of documents that survived Helms ' destruction order (“Id,”2016). “One 1955 MK Ultra document gives an indication of the size and range of the effort; this document refers to the study of an assortment of mind-altering substances” (“Id,”2016). Obviously enough information survived or else we still wouldn’t know about these experiments today.

Is human experimentation appropriate? Should people be given the right to informed consent if the research could result in possible harm? Is human experimentation in light of the Tuskegee study justified? These are just some of the questions that arose during the presentation of the film Deadly Deception. This film featured the government sponsored Tuskegee experiment and documents this forty year study of untreated syphilis in the black males of Macon County, Alabama. This review will examine the film Deadly Deception in light of the appropriateness of human experimentation and the right for informed consent as well as the different ethical and moral views that may arise as a response to what occurred.

The Nuremburg Code of ethics, was established after human research atrocities in World War II created a standard of ethics. This ethical standard provided the general public with confidence and trust in that human participants involved in research will be respected and receive moral treatment. Unfortunately, the Tuskegee study undermined established ethical boundaries and it violated many aspects of informed consent, autonomy, nonmaleficence as well as many other ethical principles (Riggs,

Since 1947, when the Central Intelligence Agency was created, the United States has had an organization that has the sole purpose of conducting covert operations, collecting information, and providing that same information to the respective personnel. Although, this, by some, has been considered conflictual as the CIA is handling those three actions. It is considered that this may be a conflict of interest in a means of, the same people that are collecting information, creating a bias opinion, are conducting the covert action being carried out. This could create a bias work environment. Due to the professionalism and 60 years of success to show for it, the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and National Clandestine Service (NCS) conducting

Science, medicine, and psychology are powerful tools capable of increasing human understanding of the world, curing diseases, or assisting individuals in living more fulfilling lives. The potential for good is drastic; however, a potential for hurt exists as well. Although history is full of stories documenting the positives of research, events of scientific research hurting individuals still haunt history. These events, including the Holocaust and the Tuskegee experiments, demonstrate instances where scientific research on human beings is clearly unethical and damaging. Due to horrific events such as these, the National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research published the Ethical Principles and Guidelines for the Protection of Human Subjects of Research, or Belmont Report, in 1979.

The U.S. is considered as a symbol of democracy and human rights. In this view, the report, Committee Study of the Central Intelligence Agency’s Detention and Interrogation Program, is a shame. In fact, the U.S. government announced that it is a America’s day of shame.

During the course of the study, the Nuremberg Code was created and enforced (The Nuremberg Code, 1946, p.181). This document’s purpose is to set a standard to which all human beings should be treated during experimentation. The Tuskegee Study violated all of the points of conduct. For example, the first goal that must be addressed is “The voluntary consent of the human subject is absolutely essential” (The Nuremberg Code, 1946, p.181). The Tuskegee participants were not told by the scientist the full reason why they were needed, nor were they told what was going to be studied. The consent must be informed, and they clearly were not. Another issue in the Nuremberg Code is “The experiment should be so conducted as to avoid all unnecessary physical and mental suffering and injury” (The Nuremberg Code, 1946, p.182). During the study, the knowledge of penicillin curing syphilis came to be, and yet none of the

In 1991, The United States established a policy to protect human beings from unfair, and unwanted subjects in experiments. This process was done by establishing an Informed Consent which is a legal document. Informed consent which is a legal document that is compose and overseen by the United States judicial system. This law was a necessity due, to the way humans were being tested on in the late 20’s. Unfortunately, in the past the United States took part in a lot of experiments on human beings as test subjects. Furthermore, the overall attributes of studies conducted during the 1920’s thru the 1950’s were considered unethical acts against human beings. Furthermore, the people that were involved had no knowledge that they were subjects in a life-threatening experiment. This type of treatment towards any human being is unethical medical practices. Experimenting on anyone without his or her knowledge is now considered unconstitutional in the United States of American. Anyone can volunteer however, there are guidelines which the volunteer may be either accepted or rejected for Clinal Trails

Mark Zepezauer’s article, “MK-Ultra from the Book the CIAs Greatest Hits” discusses the psychology experiment conducted by the CIA, MK-Ultra. The MK-ultra conducted a study that used mind control on their participants. Zepezauer recounts the events of the CIA tries to defend their stance by claiming they used the method in response to the brainwashing from the Chinese that was happening in the fifties. He says that mind control practices took place prior to 1953, but became popular after the experiment. He continues to explain how the CIA would use drugs, including LSD, and test them on their patients that were unaware of what tests were upon them. Zepezauer reveals that multiple suicides also took place in response to the given substances. He deliberated how the CIA rented out apartments and used prostitutes in their study. They used them to slip the drugs into their client’s pockets and the CIA would look through one-way mirrors to see the client’s response. Once the auditors discovered this, the MK-Ultra shut down and renamed the MKSEARCH. Mark Zepezauer

The term “Covert Action” brings with it a connotation of shadowy figures wrapped in secrecy and intrigue. It also brings with it a substantial amount of moral questions as to “what is right.” The use of covert action has been widely publicized since the early seventies, but trying to find out the truth to these events has been difficult to say the least. What is even more difficult, is historically recording these events into categories of successes or failures. These operations are difficult to dissect because of their secrecy and although events have been recorded, some facts simply aren’t apparent. This paper will seek to identify the complex issues associated with covert operations.

Throughout history there are many examples of humans conducting experiments on other humans. Over the years human experimentation has greatly advanced the knowledge of human physiology and psychology, leading to better treatments for ailments both physical and mental as well as a better overall understanding of the human constitution. Despite all of the good which human experimentation has done for the human race there have been times when experimenters have taken human experimentation past the bounds of morality. This unethical human experimentation is most often caused when the experimenters are, in some way, able to justify their experiments.

Main ethical violations in clinical research that contribute to the abuse of subjects include paternalism, informed consent, lack of ethical supervision and the avoidance of legislation in relation to the ethics of health care and research. Human rights has been widely violated throughout history as seen in multiple events. As early as the 1930’s, researchers involved in the Tuskegee Syphilis Study, withheld information and treatment from a large group of African American men with syphilis. Following this tragic event, Nazi concentration camps were established. German scientists conducted research with the involvement of the prisoners. Disfigurement, disabilities and death were often the results of the Nazi human experimentation. During the creation of the atomic bomb, the United States government sponsored the research of the involvement of subjects being exposed to radiation without their informed consent. In addition, James Watson and Francis Crick obtained their data of x-ray