Project Report On Microstrip Antenna

Electrical- The study and application of electricity, electronics, and electromagnetism. These engineers will face problems such as making

2. Radius; increasing the radius will increase the inductance value and the Q of the device; somehow it will resonate at high frequency.

In elecronic, broadcast, transportation, filters are used to select the desired signal, and deny or block unwanted signals. Or put in other words, they may be the only way we have to block.The doing so, we want to signal and other frequency or with a device, is frequency-selective - it behave different towards different frequencies. Such device is called a filter. (Bertrand, 2002)

Here we cut a cylindrical slot in the patch with outer radius R1 and inner radius R2 (R1>R2) as shown in Fig.5. By using cylindrical slot in the above rectangular slot antenna we get all three bands as with improved return loss and bandwidth as shown in Figure 6. The three bands which we are getting are better as compared to previous result of microstrip patch antenna with four rectangular slots.

The bandwidth limitation of antennas is usually linked to their input impedance because it is the quantity which changes with frequency so improvement in impedance response can help us to enhance its bandwidth. This approach can be implemented into following broad categories:

One of the most common ways to parametrize a circuit is by using the equivalent model of the transistor to the small signal analysis (used for low frequencies), or the S-parameters analysis, especially for RF circuits. However, these tests are only accurate enough for sizing linear devices, which is not the case of power amplifiers. Thus, it is necessary to resort to the analysis of large signals. For large signals, both the output and input impedances have to consider the values of frequency, DC voltage, output power, temperature, input power and

Electromagnetic waves are continually used to upgrade and advance our technology, being implicated for its use in microwave ovens, radio waves for telecommunications and x-rays in medicine.

The amplitude affects the strength of the force, that is the length of the force vectors in the electromagnetic wave. The wavelength of the wave depends only on the frequency with which the electron in the transmitting antenna is oscillating up and down; and the speed of light.

Window embedded wire antennas have been introduced at FM frequencies for low-power or receive-only applications. The power transmitted by the army radios at VHF and UHF frequencies can exceed tens of watts. At these power levels, it is of crucial importance to isolate the interior of the vehicle from the antenna radiation. In addition, this isolation eliminates the affects of the cabin interior and passengers on the antenna input impedance and radiation pattern. Hence a transparent ground plane will be needed behind the radiating element to reduce the radiation inside the vehicle and at the same time increase the directivity of the antenna. A wire-mesh or a more sophisticated band-selective ground plane can be used as the reflecting element. A meshed patch antenna on a mesh ground plane can provide the required isolation with the cabin interior. However because of the sub-wavelength dimensions of the armored windows at VHF and UHF frequencies a patch antenna, if feasible, cannot provide the one octave bandwidth required by the army radios. In this paper a monopole bow-tie antenna backed by a cavity (armored window) is proposed. Because of the limited thickness of the window glass, the radiation element and the transparent ground plane need to be placed very close to each other. Therefore the gain and/or the

The equation for radiation resistance is given in (1). As can be seen, the greater the radiation resistance, the more energy is radiated or received by the antenna. When the radiation resistance of the antenna matches the resistance of the transmitter or receiver, the system is optimized. Antennas also have ohmic or loss resistance which decreases efficiency. It can be shown that an efficient antenna must be comparable to a wavelength in size.

Filters come in two different types: round or square. Round filters screw directly onto the DSLR camera’s lens thread. Round filters are the most common type as they can fit onto any lens that it matches in size. Round filters are more convenient because there is little set up. You just screw it onto the lens, and you are ready to go! A square filter also attaches to the camera lens, but in a different manner. A card slot holder is first threaded onto the lens front. Then the square filter is fitted into a slot on the filter holder. Multiple slots allow for stacking filters and creating unique effects. The set-up, however, takes effort and a tripod is often necessary to successfully pull off shots.

EM Waves are used all over the world and help the human life easier to live. They have helped discover and make things way easier. Electromagnetic waves are used all over the place everyone uses them. For example your camera uses Electromagnetic waves to get the picture that simple. Mankind could not live without EM waves because it would be hard to come up with devices that don’t use EM waves. Electromagnetic waves were found and made a huge impact to mankind.

The first semiconductor chips held one transistor each. Subsequent advances added more and more transistors, and, as a consequence, more individual functions or systems were integrated over time. The first integrated circuits held only a few devices, perhaps as many as ten diodes, transistors, resistors and capacitors, making it possible to fabricate one or

The first fully functional computer ENIAC or Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer, spanned over thousand square feet, used eighteen thousand vacuum tubes, and weighed over thirty tons. A modern CPU however, is a thousand times faster than ENIAC. My curiosity for electronics was initially sparked by computers as it amazed me with its ability to perform billions of calculations in mere seconds. I was further inspired by the realization that electronics pervaded almost all aspects of modern civilization. Today electrical engineering forms the underpinning of modern technology and what fascinates me the most is its applicability in real life systems. The breadth of the subject and its rapid advancement makes it a very exciting and relevant field.

Fundamental characteristics of this antenna such as the radiation directivity and the frequency response are measured. Figure shows a picture of the proposed antenna that has a shape of ―tears drop‖. Using Novel Ultra Wideband Planar Reflector Antenna a reflector antenna relies on reflection of energy from the reflector. Reflector antennas tend to be good directional and high gain antennas [11]. There are some classes of ultra wideband reflector antennas, such as planar, corner, and parabolic cylinder reflector antennas.