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Layer 4: Transport - This layer maintains flow control of data and provides for error checking and recovery of data between the devices.

The presentation layer is primarily responsible for the format that will be used to exchange data between two computers.1 In other words, just as the name suggests, this layer makes sure that the other computers in the network can understand what is being sent.

Physical layer : The Physical layer is the lowest layer of the internet model and is concerned with the transmission and reception of the unstructured raw bit stream. It describes the electrical/optical, mechanical, and functional interfaces to the physical medium, and carries the signals for all of

The designers of TCP / IP thought the higher level protocols should include details of the session and presentation layers. Just created an application layer that handles high-level protocols, issues of representation, encoding and dialog control. The TCP / IP model combines all aspects related to applications in a single layer and ensures that these data are properly packaged for the next layer. Then you will see a graph that associates these layers and see which is easier than it seems.

Next layer 3 the Network layer is where the Internet Protocol (IP) will take place and be defined. There are two options to use here IPv4 or IPv6.

Describing the way of interaction between different applications and protocols on any network-aware devices is done by the OSI (Open System Interconnection) model. The OSI model characterizes seven layers that depict how applications running upon system mindful gadgets may correspond with one another. The model is nonexclusive and applies to all system sorts, not simply TCP/IP, and all media sorts, not simply Ethernet. It is consequently that any system specialist will garrulously toss around the term "Layer 4" and hope to be caught on.

Although the number of layers is not exactly set, depending on the source this number can range between five and seven layers, with each layer providing services to the layer above it. For the purposes of this discussion however, we will address the five layer model. The five layers of the TCP/IP Protocol Suite are: Application, Transport, Network, Network Access (or Data Link), and Physical. (White, 2013, p. 15)

The transport layer is responsible for managing the transmission of data between the two computers. At this layer, data is divided into small segments so that segments are transported one at a time. The transmission of

The third layer of the OSI model is the network layer and is where the routers and layer 3 switches would be. This layer is responsible for controlling subnets and deciding which path the data should take based on certain conditions. This layer is also responsible for IP (internet protocol) addresses, this includes both IPv4 and IPv6 addresses. Packets in this layer identify where the traffic originated (source IP address) and where it is going (destination IP address) (Gibson 166). In short, the OSI layer three network layer is responsible for connections, host addressing, and message forwarding. Protocols that operate on this layer are IPsec and ICMP.

It is often from one source to another. This type of layer is also known to be executing various significant functions within the system. The major roles includes complex channeling roles. To some point, they are also capable to accomplish destruction of bad files within the system, while they also assemble together information and direct it to the relevant applications to solve them.

TRANSPORT LAYER provides the Application layer with session and datagram communication services. TCP and UDP are the core protocols at this layer. TCP provides a one-to-one, connection-oriented, reliable communications service that establishes connections, sequences, and acknowledges packets sent, and recovers packets lost during transmission. In contrast, UDP provides one-to-one or one-to-many, connectionless, unreliable communication service which is used when the amount of data transferred is small (Davis, 2007). For example, when the data would fit into a single packet or when the applications or upper-layer protocols provide reliable delivery. This layer is equivalent to the OSI Transport layer.

It is the bottom layer of the OSI protocol stack as shown in figure 1. It is termed as “physical”, mainly because it facilitates physical or hardware medium for sending and receiving data on a network. It helps interconnect

● Core Network is the internetworking of routers. ● Transport layer deals with communication between applications. ● The transport layer is not present because it provides additional functions to the core network to compensate for the limitation of the core network layer. ○ In the case of TCP/IP protocol, the Transport Layer provide more complex services such as flow control or connection­oriented data stream transfer to increase the reliability of the data as it is sent through the network. ● By keeping these layers separate, the transport layer is able to provide a uniform

In the second and third layer of osi model it is called data link and network link. Data link is packaging data into frames and transmitting those frames on the network and performing the error detection correction by uniquely identifying the network devices with an address, and handling the flow control. Data link layer has two sub layer which is called media access control which is know as the computer unique identifier to which the network is assigned The mac address comes with a 48 bit address that is assign to it devices network interface card/.Second sub layer is llc which stand for logic link control, which is know as the multiplex functions that is process of over media access control To provide a means of exchanging data between end users across a MAC-controlled

The next layer we will examine is the application layer. This is the topmost layer of the TCP/IP model and preforms the functions of the Application, Presentation and Session layers that are part of the OSI stack model. We are now squarely in the domain of software and applications. This is the layer that directly interfaces with the user. This layer helps top format and forward the users request for information, files or application execution and displays the resulting information supplied by the responding server.