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Project on Ultrasound

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1.1 INTRODUCTION:

The human ear can hear the sound waves between 20 Hz to 20 kHz. This frequency range is known as “Audio Frequency Range”. The sound waves having frequencies above this audible range is known as “Ultrasonic Waves” or “Supersonic Waves”. Supersonic waves have the velocities higher than the velocity of sound i.e. more than 1200 km / hour. Ultrasonic waves can not be heard by a human being but a cat or dog may hear them. The wavelengths of ultrasonic waves are very small as compared to audible sound. The sound waves which have frequencies less than 20 Hz range are called “Infrasonic waves”

1.2 Production of Ultrasonic Wave:

The generator of ultrasonic wave is nothing but an oscillator, which can …show more content…

This potential difference is because opposite charges are developed across these faces. Now instead of pressure, if tension is applied the potential difference developed is proportional to the pressure or tension applied. This phenomenon is called as piezoelectric effect.

The converse is also true. Hence, if potential difference is applied across two opposite faces of the quartz crystals then other two faces undergo compression & extension in its dimensions. This change in dimension is found to be proportional to potential difference applied across opposite faces.

If alternating potential is applied across two opposite faces of the quartz crystal, then crystal contracts or expands alternately. It is the converse piezoelectric effect which is used in generating ultrasonic waves.

*Quartz Crystal*

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A single crystal of quartz is a uniaxial hexagonal prism bounded by two six sided pyramids at two ends as shown in fig 1.3. (a). The ‘zz’ joining two opposite vertices of the pyramids is its principle axis or optical axis. The hexagonal cross-section of a quartz crystal obtained by taking a plane perpendicular to the optic axis as shown in fig.1.3 (b). The x1ox1, x2ox2 and x3ox3 passing through the corners of the hexagon are brown as electric axis, while the axis y1oy1, y2oy2 and y3oy3 are normal to the faces of the crystal are known as mechanical axis. When mechanical force is applied to a quartz specimen in

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