Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells

When life arose on Earth about 4 billion years ago, the first types of cells to evolve were prokaryotic cells. For approximately 2 billion years, prokaryotic-type cells were the only form of life on Earth. The oldest known sedimentary rocks found in Greenland are about 3.8 billion years old. The oldest known fossils are prokaryotic cells, 3.5 billion years in age, found in Western Australia and South Africa. The nature of these fossils, and the chemical composition of the rocks in which they are found, indicates that these first cells made use of simple chemical reactions to produce energy for their metabolism and growth. Eukaryotic cells evolved into being between 1.5 and 2 billion years ago. Eukaryotic cells appear to have arisen from prokaryotic cells, specifically out of the archaea. Indeed, there are many similarities in molecular biology of contemporary archaea and eukaryotes. However, the origin of the eukaryotic organelles, specifically chloroplasts and mitochondria, is explained by evolutionary associations between primitive nucleated cells and certain respiratory and photosynthetic bacteria, which led to the development of these organelles and the associated explosion of eukaryotic diversity. Today Prokaryotes

There are two main types of cells in the world. The simplest cells such as bacteria are known as Prokaryotic cells, and human cells are known as Eukaryotic cells. The main difference between each of these cells is that a eukaryotic cell has a nucleus and a membrane bound section in which the cell holds the main DNA which are building blocks of life.

Bacteria are prokaryotic, and if you were to observe the two cells under a light microscope, you could distinguish their differences. The biggest distinguishment you can make while carefully observing the two cells, is the lack of a nucleus in a prokaryotic cell as compared to a eukaryotic. Prokaryotes also lack any membrane-bound organelles.

Bacteria and Archaea are prokaryotic, which are mostly single-celled incomplex microorganisms. Both Bacteria and Archaea have a variety of prokaryotes classified in multiple kingdoms (Reece, et al., Campbell Biology, 2014). There are a number of scientists who believe that Archaea cells may be the precursor to Eukaryotic cells and that they have more in common with Eukaryotes than Prokaryotes (Madigan, Martinko, & Dunlap, 2009).

“Eukaryotic cells are complex and include all animal and plant cells. Prokaryotic cells are smaller and simpler, e.g. Bacteria” - (AQA 2008)

On the planet, Earth, prokaryotic and eukaryotic are the two major types of cells. Prokaryotic cells are defined as cells with genetic material and cell chemicals all enclosed within a cell wall, and having no defined organelles or nucleus (except ribosomes). Organisms in this group are small in size and mainly consist of bacteria. Eukaryotic cells, however, are defined as having a ‘’true’’ nucleus, membrane-bound organelles, and chromosomes. The nucleus of eukaryotic cells houses the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and directs the synthesis of proteins and ribosomes. Prokaryotic cells, however, are much older cells as these cells are quite ancient and were the only form on planet Earth for billions of years, soon giving birth to eukaryotic cells 1.5 billion years ago.

Cells can be traced back to the basic structure of life. Cells make up all organisms such as, plants, the human body and fungi. There are different types of cells. The thing that differentiates Eukaryotic cells, which are animal and plant cells from Prokaryotic cells is the membranous organelles that are in the cytoplasm and chromosome proteins. The Eukaryotic cell nucleus contains most of the genetic material and controls all activity. mRNA translation happens in the ribosomes which carries out protein synthesis of the cell, while DNA replication occurs at the nucleus. Ribosomes are critical for protein assembly which is important for cellular functions. Also, there is endoplasmic reticulum, it has 2 type: rough and smooth. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum is responsible for metabolic processes and lipid synthesis.

Climate change will not only accelerate the species extinction rate, but also bring a higher chances of survival of certain endangered species, which indicates that the impact of climate change on biodiversity is double-sided (Bellard et al. 2012).

Both of them are composed of cells, which are surrounded by a cell membrane and cytoplasm. Both have flagella. Prokaryotes have protein building blocks, while Eukaryotes has multiple microtubules. Both have cell wall. On Prokaryotes it includes peptidoglycan and is chemically complex while in eukaryotes it is chemically simple. The DNA in prokaryotes exists in a space called nucleoid and it is circular DNA while eukaryotes have linear DNA and it is organized into a higher-order structure. Both have ribosomes that are used for translation of RNA into proteins. Both of them can perform transport, DNA replication, transcription, translation, and movement. Although, they have similarities, most are carried out within organelles in eukaryotes.

The cell is the basic unit of a living organism. There are two classified types of cells Prokaryote and eukaryote. A prokaryote is a single cell organism with no distinct nucleus nor other specialized organelles. Eukaryote is an organism consist of cell or cells in which the genetic material is DNA in the form of chromosomes contained within a distinct nucleus. So whether it's eukaryote or prokaryote it may not have distinctive organelles but they are still just not as noticeable as others. If these are the only two categories then that makes viruses non living because viruses are not prokaryote or eukaryote. Virsu have no organelles to from the fuction of a regular cell would. Viruses are a protein cased body called a capsid, and inside the

The cell is the basic unit of life. Two groups are formed between living organisms, and those two groups are the eukaryotes and prokaryotes. Even though all organisms have the same characteristics of life, there are differences and similarities that are seen at the cellular level between prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Prokaryotes came into play around 3.5 billion years ago and then the eukaryotes evolved around 1.5 billion years ago.

The term ‘eukaryote’ encompasses most of the visible species on the planet. A eukaryotic cell is one who's genetic material and organelles are bound by membranes, as opposed to a prokaryote who’s nucleoid and organelles are not membrane bound and sit within the cell membrane in the protoplasm - this grouping is considered the most fundamental classifications of organisms.

Prokaryote cells - bacteria and archeans. They are single celled organisms, where the DNA is not separate from the cytoplasm. These prokaryote cells formed the earliest and most primitive life on earth.

Cells are the basic unit of all living things. The two most important types of cells are prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. These two types of cells differ in many ways, but they also share similarities. One thing prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have in common is that they both contain a plasma membrane and cytoplasm. Another similarity between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells is that they contain ribosomes.

In this lab, we observed different prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, and then we observed a termite gut to see the different unicellular microorganisms that it contained. The purpose of this lab is to observe living and prepared bacterial cells, then describe their morphology, observe and describe the primary features of the eukaryotic cell, and to investigate and observe the organisms involved in a symbiotic relationship. By observing these things, we are hoping to find out what we should expect to see in yogurt bacteria. In order to predict this, we must first know the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotic cells are organisms that do not have a cell nucleus, or any other membrane-bound