Propagation Methods By Seeds And Vegetative Methods

When planting a seed, many factors allow the seed to grow and become a plant. To sprout from the ground, and to survive, seeds need water, air, and a certain temperature. Seeds can get water, oxygen, and sun by being placed at the proper planting depth. Planting depth is the depth at which a seed is placed in the soil. If a seed is exposed to these important needs, it goes through a process called germination. According to the Wise Geek article, “What is Germination?”, “Germination is a process in which a seed or spore awakens from dormancy and starts to sprout.” (“What is Germination?”).

At about day 14, two or three flowers open on most plants in which one begins pollinating as followed. Simply use a small fine tipped paintbrush and cross-pollinate all four plants with each other. Repeat the same step, in four days going. After the third pollination carefully remove all unopened buds by pinching them. Take away all new buds for the next two weeks or as necessary. Seeds are now ready to harvest after about 21 days after pollination. Carry the quads with plants away from the watering try while letting them dry for five days. Remove dried seedpods from the quads and roll them between your fingers to free the seeds from the pod. Count and store seeds in an envelope, labeled with your name and

The tobacco plant like many plants contain a cell callus. A cell callus contains somatic undifferentiated cells and can be used to differentiate into specialized tissues of the tobacco plant, or any plant used, by being induced with the addition of different types of hormones, such as cytokinin and auxin. Cytokinin and auxin are mostly used in plant tissue culture simultaneously to provoke the formation of a plantlet or callus. There is a common use of Kinetin in plant tissue culture since when added it will promote cell division to initiate shoot tissues from calluses of the plant. Kinetin is a type of cytokinin hormone. In regards to auxin related hormones, Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) is also commonly used since it promotes the initiation of roots for the root tissue of the plant. In this

Based on the background information, one can hypothesize that there would be a significant difference between the shoot lengths and biomass promoting poor plant growth. If the

In order for a seed to germinate, many conditions must be met. Firstly a seed must be viable. If a seed is viable it require a suitable environment with proper levels of moisture, suitable temperatures, oxygen, fertile soil, and proper pH levels to name a few. However, as many of us have experienced, some viable (living) seeds will NOT germinate, even when given the perfect conditions. In the field of botany, this phenomenon is known as “physiological seed dormancy” (will be referred to as PSD from here on out). In plain language, PSD is like a “hibernation” stage that occurs after seed maturation but before germination.

Poplar is a versatile tree species that is highly amenable to vegetative propagation (Jiaxing et al. 2014), it has a rapid growth rate, which is a good model system for the transformation of woody plant species (Ali-Movahedi et al.2014). These trees are highly beneficial to our environment; their oxygen plays a vital role in the protection of soil erosion in eastern China.

The results of the experiment demonstrate that if Acacia decurrens seeds are subjected to the heat treatment by placing the seeds in boiling water and leaving them in that same water for a period of 24 hours, then the rate at which the seeds germinate will be affected. It can be suggested that this increased germination rate occurs because the boiling water, by which the seeds were soaked in, breaks down the hard coating on the outside layer of the seed, thus allowing the seedling to penetrate through the coating and begin the germination process. This controlled

Now you either use budding tape or something that can fasten the bud to the rootstock but also

When a girl grows up, she marries her father. The meaning of this statement is not in a literal sense; it is a figurative saying meaning that women marry men who are similar to their fathers. A popular belief is that a mother is a figure of paramount influence in comparison to a father in a woman’s life. A father’s relationship with his daughter will affect her intimate relationships with other men. This relationship holds essential knowledge she will need, even if she will not date men in the future, since the world she lives in is full of them. “True fathering is not the physical act of planting a seed, it is the conscious decision to tend and nourish the seedling” (Kelly 10). Active fathering plays an enormous role in a woman’s adulthood. Father-daughter relationships largely affect how women will interact with the company of men, even when the relationship may or may not be romantic.

Plants rely on the environment in which they live to grow, and different environmental conditions provide a wide array of different foliage. Many studies have concluded that altitude effects the heights of a variety of different species (1). In a study comparing beech tree growth, factors such as light and nutrient availability were shown to increase as tree height increased. Along with these findings, it was found that growth rate declined as altitude increased (2). Another study observing elevations effect on Malosma Laurinais showed that increased altitudes were correlated with stronger and healthier leaves for the plants (3). Plants primarily rely on water, and sunlight to grow, but other factors play a role in development as well. Elevation can have a drastic impact on the speciation and growth of different plant species for many reasons. Surface level determines soil moisture content, wind speed, and the amount of sunlight that a plot of vegetation will receive. Common knowledge of how plants grow, suggest that the high soil moisture content at low elevations will increase plant height due to the excess of resources being provided.

Punarnava (Boerhaavia diffusa L.) is a promising drug to rejuvenate new cells in body. It is well known in Ayurvedic medicine and locally called Tambadivasu. Superficially it is similar to other species of Boerhaavia and species of Trianthema and Sesuvium. Due to the minute morphological differences, above plants are erroneously used in medicine as Punarnava, and at times on purpose as an adulterant. Therefore, it is necessary to highlight the anatomical features of Punarnava for proper identification of the medicinal plant species for local people and for scientific research. Due to the ambiguity in local names and similar apparent appearance, market samples of Punarnava are often adulterated with various species of Trianthema and Sesuvium. These adulterated samples contain neither the Punarnavine alkaloid, nor does it possess anisocytic stomata. Comparative study of stem anatomy showed two main characteristic differences. First, plenty of starch grains can be seen in both the ground tissues and xylem parenchyma of Punarnava which is not observed in species of Trianthema, and second, the phloem around the xylem of Punarnava root has semi-circular or

Jatropha curcas L is a hardy plant and it belongs to the euphorbiaceae family. However, Jatropha is commonly known as Jamalghota. It can grow to 20 feet high under favorable conditions and act as drought-resistant. One of the main properties that associated with the plant's hardiness and its sustainability in the hot and dry climate. It can survive in high temperature conditions. This type of tree are naturally grow in the parts of tropical America which is at central and southern regions, and many tropical and sub-tropical parts of Africa and Asia, specifically at India. These plants are suitable for planting in the wastelands like in the

However, one of the major problems of many tissue cultured plants is somaclonal variation. It is the variation originating in cell and tissue cultures (Larkin and Scowcroft, 1981). The growth of plant cells in vitro and their regeneration into whole plants is an asexual process which involves only mitotic division of the cell. Therefore, theoretically, it should not cause any variation. Ideally, it is expected to get clonal multiplication of genetically uniform plants. However, due to somaclonal variation, uncontrolled and random spontaneous variation occurs during the culture process. On the other hand, somaclonal variation also has its advantages. It is useful in crop improvement through creation of novel variants. Induced somaclonal variation is used for genetic manipulation of crops with polygenic traits (Jain, 2001). It can also be a vital tool for plant breeding via generation of new varieties. This could exhibit disease resistance, improvement in quality and give a better yield of the plants. Somaclonal variants may vary from the source plant permanently or temporarily. Temporary changes result from epigenetic or physiological effects and are non-heritable and reversible but, permanent variants are heritable and often represent an expression of pre-existing variation in the source plant or are due to the de novo

The seeds were surface sterilized with 0.1% Mercuric chloride for 5 minutes then washed with distiied water several times to remove chemicals. The seeds of Raphanus and Cucumber were spread on sterile filter paper in each petridish and soaked in aqueous root exudates of each weeds. Each weeds had three replicates with equal quantity of seeds in petridishes. The seeds are allowed to grow for 10 days at room temperature. The seeds treated with sterile distilled water was termed as control. The seeds treated with weeds aqueous root exudates of Ageratum conyzoides, Leucas aspera, Scoparia dulcis, Spilanthes acmella and Vernonia patula were termed respectively as T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5. During the experiment period, care was taken to add equal volume of root exudates in each petridish periodically. After 10 days the seedlings were harvested. Then the effect of root exudates on the seed germination and seedling growth were studied. The shoot and root length of the seedlings were measured in cm and recorded. Then the average shoot and root length were calculated. The result observed are presented in Tables and photo plates.

The first step in banana shoot-tip tissue culture technique is selection of healthy sucker. During this stage, a healthy sucker is chosen when it is about four months of age. The healthy and young sucker is selected because they have higher rate differentiation, which helps them to grow rapidly. Then, the outer tissue and the root of the sucker is pared away until the size of meristem tissue is suitable to the size of petri dish, which is about 1.0 to 2.0 cm diameter (Singh et al., 2011). Next, the tissue is sterilized with bleach and it is rinsed with distilled water for three times.