The Muslim conquests also known as Islamic conquests began with Muhammad the Islamic prophet in the seventh century. In the Arabian Peninsula prophet Muhammad developed a new unified polity under the rightly guided Caliphs. When Gabriel the angel had appeared unto Muhammad, he had commanded him to “recite” which eventually became the holy book of Islam called the Quran. The heart of Islam and the Quran is said to be a fierce monotheism; referring to god as ‘Allah who will punish unbelievers because he is all powerful and all-knowing, yet compassionate.
After the declining of the Gupta dynasty, Islam entered India in two different ways; through peaceful trade conducted by mystical men called Sufis and military invasion from the Umayyad caliphs
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When he died, his assistant a Mamluk took control of Delhi. During the Delhi Sultanate the conversions of Hindus to Islam were not frequent or unusual as compared to the other regions Muslim ruled. There were some countries who welcomed the Islamic forces and converted from their religion to Islam quite willingly; while, those who did not, were required to pay a head and land tax. On the other hand, the Sufi missionaries were willing to let the converted Hindus continue many of the Hindu practices.
The Eastern Empire took a different course from the West. The Eastern Empire had lots of advantages it was centered on the capital build by Constantine on the site of an earlier Greek city named Byzantium, this was also known as Byzantium Empire. It was an ideal city for defense, government, and trade; lying near the terminus of the Silk Road at the crossroads between Asia and Europe. It became a huge trading area with a prosperous merchant
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Even though the first world system had its advantages opening opportunities for trade resulted in the exchange of a wide variety of goods, cultural and religious practices but it also came with a plague; it brought diseases. The bubonic was devastating to the population of India, China, Europe and Western Asia. These diseases were carried/spread through fleas on the camels, horses, mules and other animals along the land routes established by the Mongols eventually reaching the Black Sea. Rats were also carriers of the fleas and would board the ships. The ships would then travel to Egypt, Italy and eventually all of Europe carrying this plague. The people in these countries did not know how to protect themselves and defense against the diseases. As a result there was havoc among the population causing a drastic drop in numbers. This plague also had psychological effects on the remaining population; meaning the Jews and Muslims were persecuted as scapegoats. War was another huge aspect of the crisis, along came famines, shrinking markets, livestock epidemics, and decline in economic opportunities which led to an overall economic crisis in the major countries involved in this trade system, especially Europe. The plague also caused many deaths in Central Asia, resulting in the weakening of the Mongol Empire, the disruption and final blockage of the Silk Road. This closure of the Silk Road brought severe economic
In the late 600s and 700s C.E., the monotheistic religion of Islam spread and became an extensive empire. It all began when the Muslim prophet Muhammad Ibn Abdullah (570 - 632 C.E.) started preaching the revelation he claimed to receive from Allah, the holy and only g-d, in the year 613 C.E. His words and simple message, that was compiled into the Quran, was easily adapted by large groups of in the Arabian peninsula and beyond. Those who converted were accepted into an egalitarian, moral and peaceful society. Plus, they were guaranteed protection and admittance to heaven after death. Even the Jews and Christians, known as "People of the Book", who didn't convert were given the option to pay a special head tax in return of cooperation with
The Silk Roads were land-based trade routes that linked Eurasia. The Silk Road contact led to people being exposed to unfamiliar diseases. They weren't really immune to the diseases and had very little effective methods of dealing with them. The spread of some particularly virulent epidemic diseases lead to death on a larger scale. A prime example of this occurred in the fourteenth century, when the Black Death swept away nearly one-third of the population in Europe, China, and the Middle East. The Black Death identified variously with bubonic plague, anthrax, or a package of epidemic diseases. In the long run, the exchange of diseases gave Europeans a certain advantage when, after 1500, they confronted the peoples of the Western Hemisphere,
The rise of the Islamic religion and the growth of Islam’s territory happened rather quickly. During the life of their prophet and Islam’s originator, Muhammad, and interestly it even increased after his death, but how? Islam spread so fast after it was originated because of three things: trade, military conquest, and the appeal of its government.
The bubonic plague, also known as Black Death, is a prime example of the diseases transported throughout the Silk Roads. It is believed that this disease originally started in south China and was spread to northern China via Mongol warriors and Chinese travelers, eventually spreading westward along the Silk Roads and trade lanes to the Arabian Sea and the Indian Ocean. The bubonic plague is caused by the Yersinia pestis bacterium and is spread by flea bites. Usually, fleas prefer to live on rats, but the large decrease in rat population due to the Little Ice Age caused the fleas to seek new hosts. The disease was previously localized to Mongolia and central Asia because of the nomadic lifestyle, but they could survive in sacks of grain and clothing and with the increase of trade along the Silk Roads, the fleas quickly made their way across the Mediterranean. Europeans were not prepared for this type of catastrophe and consequently suspended their daily lives. Many people abandoned their houses, churches and schools closed, and the sick were quarantined inside their homes while bodies of the deceased were piled in the streets and buried in mass graves. In some cases, the infected were burned along with their belongings in an effort to destroy the disease. By the end of the initial outbreak, almost 40% of Europe's population had died and trade had been brought to a halt. The Black Death had profoundly changed the political, social, economic, religious, and cultural foundations of modern Europe (Acrobatiq,
Islamic civilization was spread using a variety of useful techniques, ranging from extreme violence, to the use of peaceful doctrine. Without these practices and methods, the spread of Islam would not be as profound as it has shown to be, especially from 632 to 750 CE. Islamic civilization spread to encompass such an extensive empire through the “way of the sword”, use pre-existing roads, ruthless fighting techniques, and the way of salvation and religious doctrine. One of the biggest methods that were used to spread Islam was the way of the sword, and other practices of intimidation. When new lands were taken over by Islam, Muslims gave a few options.
The prophet Muhammad sparked the rise of Islam on the Arabian Peninsula by preaching the word of Allah, and inspired the caliphs that came after him to expand the religion and lead it to a period of prosperity. Without the benefits that Islam brought and the power of the Muslim army Islamic Civilization might have secluded itself to one region like Judaism did and not spread so quickly across the region like it did. The appeals that Islamic culture and the teachings of Muhammad offered, as well as practical benefits of converting to Islam, brought many People of the Book and other non-Muslims into the religion. Muslims used military force and threats in the name of Allah to strike fear into all non believers and expand Muslim territory through
Islam is an empire that expanded greatly, but they didn’t expand by people just joining them they did it by battles and other ways. Muhammad guided a small group of people who followed him in 622 CE. Then died in 632 CE, because there was no one who took charge some Arab tribes started leaving Islam. But Abu Bakr used military force to get back some Muslims. People who were Jew or Christian liked how Islam thought of how people can be equal. But in 656 the third caliph was killed and 661 the fourth was killed and they Umayyad dynasty started to take place. They did what Abu Bakr did and used military forces to expand; they expanded it to Persia, Central Asia, and Spain. By 732 a battle started and Christians stopped Muslim armies. The Umayyad’s
Migration and trade both played a crucial role in the spread of Islam. In Anatolia and India, Muslims invaded and, although the Islamic population was the minority in India due to a lack of trade, it quickly became the majority in Anatolia, resulting in that area becoming the
The motivating force of Islam, and thus the ideas first established by Muhammad, played a crucial role in the conquests. The new aim shared by many Muslims, to convert the entire world to Islam, was the most important reason for the initial Arab conquests. This led to an enthusiastic and motivated army, which facilitated its success. Muhammad continued to inspire Arabs to work together and fight successfully long after his death. Rather than reckless
The Mughal, Qing and Ottoman dynasties all had taken rule over multi-ethnic agrarian Eurasian empires in the duration of the 17th and 18th century. All empires respectively faced enormous political, economic and social transformations which challenged and set hindrance to their rule in the 19th century. The Ottoman and Qing and Mughal empires had been 3 of probably the greatest empires to have ruled in history. Nevertheless, they'd many similarities in addition to differences. The empires went through difficult periods of time, but at some point, they additionally went through times of prosperity and growth. Though the Ottoman and Mughal Empire both didn't force conversions into Islam, the Ottoman's development relied on the bad military force of theirs, even though the
The Ottoman and Mughal empires were two of the greatest and most successful empires to ever form in history. However, they both had some similarities as well as differences. Both empires went through tough periods of time, but at some point they also went through times of growth and prosperity. Although the Ottoman and Mughal Empire both did not force conversions into Islam, the Ottoman’s development relied on their tough military force, while the decline of the Mughal Empire was caused by Aurangzeb’s policy of religious persecution and high taxes.
The information provided by Hutchinson from Islamic Empire (2016) in Age of Conquests says that the history of Islamic conquest begins with the rise of Muhammad in Mecca where he shared his experiences with others which gained him followers of this new faith, while being persecuted by Meccans, therefore he had to flee to the Arabian City of Medina. While in Medina, Muhammad gained more followers and established an army that he led against Mecca. This battle began with raiding each other’s camps, or ghawz, until Muhammad’s forces outnumbered the Meccans, defeating them in 624. Afterwards, Muhammad rose in power in Mecca as leader and converted most of the citizens into Muslims. As the leader of Mecca, Muhammad was aided by tribes of Bedouin against Meccans who had not converted and Arab tribes until 630, when Mecca surrendered to Muhammad thus many Meccans converted. After the death of Muhammad in 632, the Muslims were prepared for a rapid territorial expansion and spread of
Lastly, Islam spread quickly through military campaigns which is depicted in “The Spread of Islam (map)” (Doc. C) This map shows how the people that were conquered by the Muslims chose to convert to Islam
Islam is a major world religion. Its origin can be traced back to 610 CE in Arabia. The basis of this religion is the revelations to the prophet Mohammad. Dissatisfied with his life, he traveled to deserts, hills, and the wilderness surrounding Mecca, where he lived, to meditate and reflect. He became a new man through his revelations, which many of his followers believe Allah transmitted to him through his angel Gabriel. Islam was originally an Arab religion, but many different beliefs and practices were added to it, making it extremely popular and aiding in its rapid spread. This new religion spread to many different areas surrounding Arabia, both under Mohammad and after his death. The Muslim Empire grew to encompass Spain and
1. A brief history about the Muslim rules in India from the late 1200 century to 1957 is described here.