Pros And Cons Of Western Europe In The 13th Century

During the Crusades, there was a fair amount of religious tension. Muslims and Christians fought for Jerusalem. Muslims had it, and at the end of Crusades, Muslims controlled the territory. During the Spanish Inquisition, Christians sought to rid Spain of other religions (like Jews). This reflects a power struggle because Christians strived to gain absolute power. Important people involved included Richard the Lionhearted (central figure in the third crusade), Pope Urban II (first crusade), and Saladin (second and third crusades). This power struggle continued as a result of the Crusades, and it truly influenced the era because it changed the geopolitical landscape of the Middle East.

The Civil war between King and the parliament caused many factors to arise. Religion, money and power played a part. As for religion King Charles I married queen of France who was Catholic. This feared people in England because the thought of the king changing the country from protestant to catholic. Not only, King Charles I used tax money on his family and military weapons rather than the country. He believed the rights of kings and the power they held. As a ruler for eleven years, he always had way to make money either by taxation or loans. In the sixteenth century, these conflicts lead to a new turning point in Europe. In response, new transformation in working class, modern revolution, and expanding the government while improving the

The author of this book quickly and polemically describes the period from 400 A.D. to 1400 A.D. as the "Dark Ages" even though this term is not used in scholarly research. He claims that the decline in living standards are not only due to crumbling political institutions and infrastructure but to disease, isolation, and religious oppression. Manchester describes just how the medieval mindset emphasizes just how savage medieval people were and how they imposed horrific punishments on one another. Christians butchers one each other during mass. This author claims that this was not civilization but it was a shadow of the Roman empire. There are some movements that destroyed the medieval mindset and the first one was the Renaissance, where new art and ideas were widely

The Romans borrowed almost all of its mythology from Greece. The only thing the Romans changed was the names of the Greek gods. And the Greek gods lasted much longer Greece. That is another reason Greece was better than Rome.

In the 1300's an Italian scholar named Petrarch came up with the name "Dark Age" to describe the time Europe was going through during the Middle Ages in 500AD-1500AD. Throughout the Middle Ages Europe was going through some rough times, but there were also moments of growth. For example the Black Death was a time of darkness but there were positive times like when universities were built. Although the dark ages were looked at as a negative occurrence, more events show a sign of growth.

Louis XI and the Valois line formed a royal army, overpowered unruly nobles and bandits, and increased the monarch’s power over both parliament and the clergy. Louis XI was able to raise taxes without the approval of parliament and eventually parliament asked for him to rule without their input. The monarch’s power over the clergy increased due to the Concordat of Bologna. In the Concordat of Bologna, King Francis I and Pope Leo X signed an agreement that stated that the pope was to be paid by French ecclesiastics, religious figures such as priests or the clergy, and the king would appoint bishops and abbots.

The church and the state had to contend with the growing influence of the Enlightenment and the need to strike a new balance with religion, a more utilitarian balance determined in large part by its own political rationalism. Power was held within the monarchy and the church. The monarchy of France and the Catholic Church were allies that were unbreakable. The King was the master of the temporal realm, while the Church under his protection ruled the spiritual realm. Kings derived their authority from God and stood immediately below him in rank. The monarchy had the support of the church and the church had the support of the monarchy. Power was based on morality and the church thrived on positive morality and the monarchy was proof of this morality. The balance between these two powers in France was equivalent to one another. The whole system

Pope Boniface VIII and King Phillip IV of France were leaders of a large conflict during the middle ages. The issues between church and state were very prominent. Both authoritative figures believed that the other was asserting too much power. Boniface passed his final papal bull, Unam Sanctam, in 1302 which would led to the end of the dispute.

One of the many challenges to traditional authority was evident in a passage written by Guibert of Nogent, which explained his view of the riots and brutality of the citizens of Laon against their bishop. The citizens lashed out at their bishop because they were tired of paying for taxes, which were to be paid every year to their lords, also fines were increased if the person done an illegal act. This passage showed a challenge to traditional authority by the citizens acting against their bishop and taking charge because they wanted more control in their government (ch. 5, rd. 2, pp. 176-177). The commune, which was the organization of people that attacked the bishop, expanded the economy in the central Middle Ages by the people of the town having to pay fines that were determined by the law to the bishop of Laon for their illegal acts. The paying of fines by the citizens put money into the hands of the church, which in turn filled the churches pockets with wealth, which in turn put wealth into the economy (ch. 5, rd. 2, p. 176). The wealth of the bishop boosted the economy because the bishop was the government of the town (ch. 5, rd. 2,

The wars of Louis XIV, Louis XV, and Louis XVI all led to an increasing amount of anger from the people as there were unfair taxes for the Third Estate to pay the war debts. The Third Estate were already devastated

Throughout the central Middle Ages, Europe was characterized by the power struggle between the secular and the ecclesiastic. The question of rule by God or by man was one which arose with unwavering frequency among scholars, clergy, and nobility alike. The line which separated church and state was blurry at best, leading to the development of the Investiture Conflict in the eleventh and twelfth centuries, and the attempts to undermine the heir to the throne in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. Four men stand out among dozens in this effort to define the powers of the lay versus that of the spiritual: Emperor/kings Henry IV and John of England, and the popes who aggressively challenged their exertions of authority, Pope Gregory VII

During the Medieval Era, the church and the state were two of the most powerful entities in almost every area of Europe. Because of the power of each, conflicts occurred often between the two entities. The state, in the form of a King in a monarchy for example, might try to influence the appointment of a bishop to the church. Or, the church could contest that someone be tried under canon laws instead of secular laws. A good example of the church and state coming into conflict with each other is the murder of Thomas Becket. Thomas Becket was murdered in Canterbury Cathedral on December 29, 1170 by a group of knights who believed that King Henry II of England had ordered the murder of Becket after a dispute between the two. Immediately after the murder, Becket was canonized and recognized as a martyr to the church and ever since pilgrims have gone to Canterbury Cathedral to honor and remember Becket.

In addition, absolute monarchs attempted to interfere with the religion of the people. The most notable case is in England where monarchs constantly attempted to either keep the Protestant beliefs or convert back to Catholicism. Even before the age of absolutism, this was a cause for much unrest. In fact, when James II came to the throne and made it clear he wished to restore the Catholic faith, England was almost thrown into another civil war. Over in Russia, Peter’s adoption of the Julian calendar did not cause so much civil unrest as it did instability due to the resulting confusion. Louis XIV also allowed mistreatment of French Protestants, also known as Huguenots, by revoking the Edict of Nantes. The Edict granted

This series of incident started when King Philip VI wanted to tax the French clergy but the pope disagreed with him. King Philip VI replaced the pope and moved the location of the church to Avignon instead of Rome. This outlandish action put many faithful believers into outrage and disappointment. The new church officials were almost entirely French because King Philip VI wanted to secure his power. People questioned if the popes at Avignon were captives of the French monarchy. The Avignon church had a reputation of being corrupted and abusing its power which led to the decrease of Christian

Homer and Virgil had used characters from the Trojan War as heroes. Homer used Odysseus as the protagonist, while Virgil chose Aeneas as his main character. Both these two were similar because they both symbolize a great hero for their nation. Odysseus was known as a heroic Greek king who helped defeat the Troy. His wooden horse idea was the only reason the Greeks overcame the favored Trojans. Aeneas was a hero as well, but was known more by the Romans. After Troy fell, Aeneas was looking for a new home and peace. He was a