Prosocial Behavior Analysis

Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) is when a child develops a pattern of disobedient, hostile, and defiant behavior toward authority figures. All children are oppositional from time to time (particularly when tired, hungry, stressed or upset) and they will argue, talk back, disobey, and defy parents, teachers, and other adults. These behaviors are a normal part of development for very young children, but parents generally notice symptoms of ODD by age 8 when the behaviors have not improved. By about age 8, the openly uncooperative and hostile behavior may be ODD when it is so frequent and extreme when compared with other children of the same age and when it affects the child's social, family, and school life. The causes of ODD are unknown,

Oppositional defiant disorder involves consistently negativistic, hostile, and defiant behavior that is very disruptive with behavior.

There are two common type of disruptive behavior disorders that affects children lives in a negative fashion when not treated properly. According to the American Academy of Pediatrics (2004) “Behaviors typical of disruptive behavior disorders can closely resemble ADHD particularly where impulsivity and hyperactivity are involved but ADHD, ODD, and CD are considered separate conditions that can occur independently. About one third of all children with ADHD have coexisting ODD, and up to one quarter have coexisting CD” .The two types of disruptive behavior disorders are oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder. Some symptoms of disruptive behavior disorder is breaking rules, defiant, argumentative, disobedient behaviors towards authority

Oppositional Defiant Disorder or ODD is a very common disorder. According to the Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry ODD is the “top leading causes of referrals to the youth mental health services” (The American Journal of Psychiatry, 1993). Although this disorder is very common it often goes untreated due to factors that will be later covered. When a person has ODD they are often very irritable, argumentative, and defiant. While ODD could seem like it is just a phase that a person is going through it can be more serious than that. ODD can lead to many problems in a person’s life, for example being able to have a healthy relationship with family members, keeping a job, or even graduating from school. ODD does not just effect the

Jayden King Jr. is a seven-year-old boy who was diagnosed as emotionally disturbed in 2014. Jayden requires a 1:1 crisis paraprofessional because he exhibits an inappropriate and disruptive behavior on a daily basis. Based on the Antecedent-Behavioral-Consequence Chart, there were several noted incidences where Jayden has had tantrums, was non-compliant, wandering and physically abusive. When redirected, Jayden will make loud vocalizations, kicking, screaming and throwing himself on the floor. The behavior that will be targeted for remediation is his defiant behavior. Defiance is defined as the refusal to obey and follow a directive of someone of authority or opposing force. The apparent triggers that affect Jayden’s

Symptoms of adhd are not paying attention to detail, making careless mistakes, failing to pay attention and keep on task, not listening, being unable to follow or understand instructions, being distracted, fidgeting, squirming, getting up often when seated, running, talking excessively, having trouble playing quietly, and interrupting

The Attachment, Self-Regulation, and Competency (ARC) Framework is a theoretically grounded, evidence-informed, promising practice used to treat complex trauma in children and adolescents (Arvidson, 2011). This research shows how the application of the ARC model benefits inner city youth who have been diagnosed with Oppositional Defiant Disorder. The goal of this research is to demonstrate that symptoms of ODD can be decreased by exposing inner city youth to ARC therapy over a period of time. The target population is inner city youth in Chattanooga, TN who are diagnosed with Oppositional Defiant Disorder. 50 students were chosen at random at inner city schools in the area. 25 of the youth will be exposed to the therapy, while 25 will not be exposed and serve as the control group. The 25 students will be exposed to ARC therapy over a span of 6 months. After the 6 month period, the behaviors will be rated again and compared to the control group that received no treatment. Complex trauma results from exposure to severe stressors that occur within the caregiver system or with another presumably responsible adult, are repetitive, and begin in childhood or adolescence. As a result, many of these children and adolescents experience lifelong difficulties related to self-regulation, relationships, psychological symptoms, alterations in attention and consciousness, self-injury, identity, and cognitive distortions (Lawson, 2013). Exposure to ARC therapy over a given time will lead to

My first observation of Jaelee, she had a hard time sitting still during story time. She was running around and screaming, while her teacher Ms. Reta tried to read a story. I was told by Jaelee’s mother that she is diagnosed with ODD, which stands for Oppositional defiant disorder. Oppositional defiant disorder is a pattern of angry/irritable mood, argumentative/ defiant behavior or vindictiveness towards authority figures. I felt that the behavior I had overserved was because Jaelee has ODD. I was expecting to see Jaelee misbehave after my first observation, but I was surprised that I had not seen that type of behavior from her again.

According to research antisocial disorder causes violent acts in children of a young age. Review of literature indicates that antisocial personality disorder is a mental condition in which a person has a long-term pattern of manipulating, exploiting, or violating the rights of others. This behavior is often criminal (Berger, 2014). It has been said that people who have experiences a traumatic event in their life many develop antisocial personality disorder, which can also cause them to be very violent (Black, 2013). Researchers say they don’t know for sure what causes this disorder. Many state that how the person interacted in their early years around family and friends can be a major factor to this disorder (Gorhol, 2014). The environment they grew up in such as substance abuse, child abuse, or neglect has been said to be linked with antisocial personality disorder (Black, 2013).

For one to understand Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) it is important to examine the criterion that place this disorder within the realm of Disruptive, Impulse-Control, and Conduct Disorders. The American Psychiatric Association note in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (2013) that, “[these] disorders include conditions involving problems in the self-control of emotions and behaviors. [They] are unique in that these problems are manifested in behaviors that violate the rights of others and/or bring the individual into significant conflict with social norms and authority figures (p. 461).”

There are many disorders in which young children go through and have to battle. Popular disorders in which people know that young children go through are ADHD, and ADD. One that society is not really familiar with would be ODD. This disorder is called oppositional defiant disorder. This order related back to children because it goes into great detail about how young children misbehave. According to the American Psychiatric Association oppositional defiant disorder is defined as a recurrent pattern of negativistic, defiant, disobedient and hostile behavior toward authority figures (Maughan, Development Pathways in Oppositional Defiant Disorder and Conduct Disorder). Children can have many life experiences in which they choose to act out and

The prevalence of ODD is unknown among children with mental health disorders in fact, it is estimated to be around 2 through 12 percent since it is hard to distinguish between other disorders and ODD (Austin & Sciarra, 2010). Similar to ADHD, and autism ODD may be paired with other mental health disorders (Austin & Sciarra, 2010). For instance, I have a student in my class that have been diagnosed with both ADHD and ODD similar to Joe; he has been known to be extremely disrespectful toward authority in cases such as that it is important to put into place strategies to address both disorders. Since it is hard to distinguish between ODD and other disorders it is important for educators to know the risk factors of ODD. In the study “Risk Factors for Conduct Disorder and Oppositional/Defiant Disorder: Evidence from a New Zealand Birth Cohort” researcher identified several risk facts for ODD. Researchers have found that a combination of genetics, biological and psychosocial factor contributes to an ODD diagnosis (Boden, Fergusson, & Horwood, 2010). For example, it has been

Children with Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD, F91.3 [313.81]), Conduct Disorder (CD, F91.1 [312.81]), and Attention-deficit/hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD, F90.2 [314.01]) have always been a part of our society. These DSM-V diagnoses are regularly referred to as “disrupted behavioral disorders” (DBD). These diagnoses can lead to several issues for children and their families. Children with the ODD diagnosis are seen to be angry and irritable. They can easily lose their temper and have trouble following rules (Morrison, 2014). CD is shown through children that chronically disrespect other people and rules, and who frequently start fights (Morrison, 2014). Children with ADHD are often fidgety, restless, and have trouble concentrating (Morrison, 2014). These are not issues in themselves, but only become an issue when the child needs to be still and pay attention in a classroom or home setting. These three childhood diagnoses are ones that can greatly affect the family life and education of a child.

Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) is an example of a disruptive disorder. Although there are no clear cut causes of ODD, there are factors that play a role in the development of the disorder. They include biological factors, psychological factors, and social factors (American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 2009). Biological factors include having a parent with a history of ADHD, ODD, or Conduct Disorder (CD), a parent with a mood disorder such as depression or bipolar disorder, parent has a problem with drinking or substance abuse, there is a brain-chemical imbalance, exposure to toxins, and poor nutrition (2009). Psychological factors include having a poor relationship with one or more parent, a parent who is neglectful or absent, and having difficulty or inability to form social relationships or process social cues (2009).

According to the DSM-III, APA, 1980 (as cited in Hiripi, Karzdin, Kessler & Nock, 2007) the history of Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) was first described in the 1980 version of the DSM-III as an onset disorder in childhood and adolescence. Currently Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) is found in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM-5) and is described as “a pattern of angry/irritable mood, argumentative/defiant behavior, or vindictiveness lasting at least 6 months” (APA, 2013, pg. 462). In order to meet the diagnostic criteria as described four the above symptoms need to be present. The current version of the DSM-5 lists ODD as a disruptive, impulse-control and conduct disorder (APA,