Prosodic Domains in Cayuga
1. Introduction Throughout the course of the semester, I have conducted research into the Cayuga language, a Northern Iroquoian idiom of ~250-300 speakers based primarily in southern Ontario, Canada (Ethnologue 2015). In the first study, I looked into the basic sociolinguistic aspects affecting this language, focusing primarily on efforts to revitalize it. It is labeled by the anthropological site Ethnologue as Moribund, and by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) as Extinct (Ethnologue 2015). In part one of the current paper, I will reiterate some of the points that I made previously, while further exploring the topic of language revitalization. In the second study, I focused on the Cayuga grammar system, spending considerable time looking at the phonetics and phonology of the language, as there is not much other literature available on the morphology or syntax of the language. I briefly glossed over the prosodic system in Cayuga, later
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Founded in 1570, the Confederacy formed in response to the influx of European settlers in the region they traditionally called their home, in northern New York State. Known amongst themselves as the ‘Hodinoshone,’ which means the ‘people of the long house’ in the Northern Iroquoian languages, they formed what is quite possibly the first Republican form of government in either of the America’s, with each tribe having equal representation within the central government; they pledged mutual support and defense to each other, and it is their Constitution and form of government that provided a strong influence to the Founding Fathers of these United States when formulating our own Constitution – the only uniquely American source (Cayuga Nation,
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The central thesis of this book is that the secession commissioners that were sent Deep South to other slave states in the winter of 1860-1861 played a major role in defending as well as urging people to subscribe to their ideology and follow them out of the Union. This thesis helps in giving insights in the South’s real intention, which can be argued out that it was to defend its slave trade culture that the North was totally against hence the use of secession as a means of convincing people. Even though the historians mostly ignore these men that were involved in the secession, these men played a vital role in the creation of the beautiful country
The romanticized version of the Civil War creates a picture of the North versus the South with the North imposing on the South. However, after reading “The Making of a Confederate” by William L. Barney, one can see that subdivisions existed before the war was declared. The documents analyzed by Barney primarily focus on the experiences of Walter Lenoir, a southern confederate and a member of the planter elite. His experiences tell a vivid story of a passionate and strongly opinioned participant of the Civil War as well as demonstrate a noticeably different view involving his reasoning when choosing a side. Between analyzing this fantastic piece of literature and other resourceful documents from “Voices of Freedom” by Eric Foner, one
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In her essay, “Newfoundlandese, If You Please” Diane Mooney takes us on a virtual road trip around the island of Newfoundland, her home, discussing regional language variations, and giving us insights into the histories of the communities we encounter. In her very first sentence, Mooney refers to Newfoundland having one dialect but then goes on to describe in detail the various dialects across the island. Throughout her essay, Mooney describes her experiences with language, and gives us first-hand accounts of interactions with locals, providing us an insight into the pronunciation and vernacular of a given region. Her view is that the regional variations in the English language spawned from the origins of the original settlers, the influence
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As languages are unstable and continually developing, many languages are constantly being established and becoming extinct. Humanity has a wide array of cultures, and each culture has its own way of communicating. This may be through symbols, signs, sounds, and most importantly, words. Language is an attribute that is unique to human beings. If one is not a speaker of the language being spoken, communication becomes arduous. This has been proven when different cultures have come across one another, and have tried to find ways to communicate in a comprehensible matter. This is how Pidgin and Creole languages have evolved. The objective of this paper is to show that Pidgin and Creole languages are very complex and compelling, and it is clear that new things are being discovered about these languages at a continual rate. Subsequently, they are very adaptable to times of change, which is likely an indication of its user both yesterday and presently.
Whilst the Revolution of 1776-1783 created the United States, The American Civil War (1861-1865) was the fundamental historical event that determined what kind of nation it would become. The war, although brutal with the estimated loss of 625,000 lives which is nearly as many American soldiers as those who died in all the other wars in which America has fought combined, as well as the largest and most destructive conflict in the Western world, between the end of 1815 and the onset of World War I in 1914, drew attention to two essential questions left unsettled by Americas independence. Would the United States be multiple separate nations or a united nation with an independent national government, and whether the country who fought for and created the declaration of independence, that all men were created with an equal right to liberty, would continue as the largest slaveholding country in the world? However, northern triumph in the war kept America as the union of one nation and ended the use of slavery that had divided the country. Many historians since have scrutinized the American Civil War and the defeat of the Confederacy by the Northern Union, questioning the possibilities of a Confederate victory against the industrialised North. For the purpose of this essay, areas of politics, economy, social and military will be examined and comparing Southern and Northern states incorporating differing historian perspectives to gain insight into the prospects of a Southern victory
Brown (1992) explains that from the view of understanding ordinary spoken English, the failure to move outside the basic elements of prosody of oral English must be observed as catastrophic for any learner who wants to manage with the native English position. (Brown, 1992) He further, writes that when a learner is only exposed to articulate English, he will trust on audio signals, which he will be denied when he meets the Standard English of native speakers. (Brown, 1992) By stating this, Brown meant that singular sounds or tones are affected by the surrounding language, and are often said differently from what an English learner who depends on dictionary would expect. For this, Brown (1992) states that for effective communication in English language, listening are significantly enhanced by learning via elucidation and satisfactory practice of how the words and sounds transform according to the prosodic impact of the speaker’s intents. Focus on English pronunciation directions, thus, should be to give leaners the prosodic basis within which the sounds or tones are structured. (Brown, 1992) Instructions should focus on the ways in which English utterers depend on rhythm to structure thoughts, highlight fundamental words, and otherwise lead
Prosody provides a handy way to refer to interconnected aspects of rhythm and melody with a single label. There are two aspects of these signals: melody and rhythm. Combination of the two aspects is called prosody. Learning pronunciation is affected by psychological factors in ways that are not so true of studying vocabulary or grammar. This paper looks on how the improper use of prosody in English may distort word sounds in the sentence context so much that those are unrecognizable from the sounds of a word, when it is said in isolation. Indeed though lessons in spoken English teacher should emphasize the prosodic aspects of phonology, morphology, and syntax. Additionally, it provides ways that the English Language Teacher might use prompts in the classroom to better demonstrate the porosity of the English language to English Language Learners.
Bloomfield's book An Introduction to the Study of Language in 1914 is considered as a remarkable and excellent work for a young man in his twentieth. He specialized his book to the study of the Algonquin languages, particularly to menomini, as his influential work Menomini Morphophonemic shows this. In addition, he included two chapters on language change, illustrated with examples from many languages. The book ended with a chapter on the relation of Linguistics to other sciences, a topic that would increasingly concern him.