Prostaglandin D2: A Case Study

Hyperandrogenism often presents itself in the physical form with acne, hirsutism (male-patterned hair growth), and alopecia. While insulin resistance is typically present in a patient with a higher BMI, 70% of women with PCOS have this condition, putting them at a higher risk of developing Type 2 diabetes (Goodarzi et al., 2011). Other metabolic complications can occur with PCOS, including hypertension and dyslipidemia (Madnani, 2013). The hormonal secretions of the body’s endocrine glands are affected by the hormonal secretions of the ovaries and vice versa via feedback mechanisms. The disruption of normal hormone secretions, particularly hypersecretion of luteinizing hormone (LH), can reduce the chance of conception and increase the risk of miscarriage (Balen,

For this article there were no research questions, but the authors wanted to focus on the pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of PCOS. They found that polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is common in women, with a10% prevalence in women of reproductive age. Polycystic ovary syndrome is defined as ovarian dysfunction with polycystic ovaries. It also includes androgen excess which is shown by testosterone levels being elevated. Increased levels of testosterone can be seen through excess body hair. Obesity is seen in many women with PCOS, this can lead to insulin resistance and Type II Diabetes. Genetics has an impact on polycystic ovary syndrome with 20-40% of people with PCOS having first-degree relatives with the syndrome.

(Scott, 2017) Hyperandrogenism is usually the major assessment finding and “clinically manifests as acne, excessive hair loss on the scalp, excess terminal body hair in a male distribution pattern such as the upper lip, the chin, around the nipples, and along the linea alba of the lower abdomen”. (Scott, 2017) During the diagnosis phase of this disease, there is no specific test confirming the diagnosis. A series of exams such as pelvic, uterine, ultrasound and physicals are performed as well as lab work is completed, including a look at symptoms, periods, and recent weight gain. The physician then considers all things discussed and rules either way. A client suffering from PCOS. Upon diagnosis of PCOS the patient is “At risk for disturbed body image r/t presence of acne & growth of female facial hair a.e.b signs of withdrawal from social interaction”. (Garoutte, 1970) To properly manage this disease, interventions could be implemented to help the patient properly cope with and treat this condition. “Interventions include implementation of the right treatment regimen such as surgery to remove the cyst, frequent diagnostic testing for example ultrasounds, starting the patient on oral medications such as oral contraceptives and a strong referral to support groups to help the patient adjust to their disease and its physical changes”. (Garoutte, 1970) The goals in mind for PCOS would be to have the patient adhere to a drug regimen daily, have regular bi-monthly follow up appointments, and attend a support group for coping perhaps once a

Alopecia Areata: A disease which causes the body to form antibodies against hair follicles. It can result from such factors as stress, genetics and the immune system. Alopecia Areata causes sudden, smooth, circular patches of hair loss.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is an endocrine condition arising from the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis that presents in women of reproductive ages due to factors such as obesity, excessive insulin production and genetics. This condition often present with irregular periods, excess androgen production and polycystic ovaries (enlarged ovaries that contain small amounts of fluid). Due to the increased in androgen production physical changes such as acne, excessive body and facial hair (Hirsutism) baldness, obesity and ovulation problems occurs (Legro, Arslanian, Ehrmann, Hoeger, Murad, Pasquali, & Welt, 2013). Also with PCOS there is an abnormal increase in production of insulin, which leads to even greater production of androgen (Legro

The uses of genetics in the blame of PCOS are difficult to study. There are many reasons why genetics are very complicated to study. These reasons are listed below. (Thatcher, 44)

Involutional Alopecia is a natural condition that comes with aged. The hair follicles gradually go into thinning while the remaining hairs become shorter, fewer, and brittle. In this condition, the thickness as well as the volume decreases. Involutional alopecia causes normal hairs to reach the telogen phase very quickly, and then leave the telogen phase (through shedding) too quickly also. It is linked to a variety of factors, such as genetics, diet, or

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine disorder among reproductive aged women, with a prevalence of 16.6-18% according to the 2003 Rotterdam criteria (1-3). Though PCOS is extremely common, up to 70% of women with the syndrome are undiagnosed (3). The PCOS diagnosis is one of ovarian dysfunction and hyperandrogenism, and as such has important implications for reproductive health (see Table 1; NIH, 2012). However, in addition to these reproductive criteria – which tend to manifest as hirsutism, infertility, and pregnancy complications – PCOS is marked by

DHT does not affect only males, as many women will also experience hair loss caused by DHT production. DHT is an androgen, and females produce this in smaller amounts

Hirsutism is excess terminal hair that commonly appears in a male pattern in women. Terminal hair refers to the stiff, pigmented hairs normally seen in men on the face, chest, abdomen and back, which are not normal for women. The cause of hirsutism can be either an increased number of androgen's in women, an oversensitivity of hair follicles to natural levels of androgen's in women, adrenal hyperplasia, thyroid dysfunction, Cushing syndrome, androgen-secreting tumors and certain medications. The most common cause of hirsutism is polycystic ovary syndrome, accounting for every three out of four cases. In those not related to medication use, evaluation is focused on endocrinopathies and neoplasms.

Androgenic alopecia, the most common type of alopecia, is caused by shortening anagen phase and telogen phase prolongation.10-11 Another cause of Androgenic alopecia is about androgen hormone. The androgen hormone involves in the hair production process due to it can bind with receptor in dermal papillae cells of follicles and alter the paracrine production in hair cells.24 Androgen effects on hair are different depending on the body site. For scalp area, androgen causes the transformation of terminal follicles to become vellus hair that is tiny and pale hair leads to the baldness appearance.

Have you ever thought about losing hair when you are 60 years old? Besides looking awful, does becoming bald mean something else to you? Believe it or not, it actually determines how likely you are going to suffer from heart disease. The first research study on the correlation between baldness and heart disease was conducted almost 60 years ago, in 1954. The shocking research results aroused much attention of the science community. As baldness had been found to be very common from the middle aged onward, the general public became very aware of the conclusion of the positive relationship. Many subsequent research studies have been conducted afterwards, in order to gain a more thorough insight into the notion, and most importantly, to disclose

Hormonal causes or food balance disturbances that lead to hair loss from different places of the body including the mustache area

Boys and Girls – Pubic hair development ((Bickley, & Szilagyi, 2013., Family Practice Notebook, 2012)

Propecia acts by blocking dihydrotestosterone (DHT) production. DHT has been identified to attack and destroy hair follicle and results in its fall out. Propecia has been found to be effective for hair growth in top and mid regions of the scalp.