Prostate Cancer And Psa Testing

There are difficulties and controversy associated with the current screening methods for prostate cancer. The PSA test for prostate cancer has become controversial as it is “not yet known for certain if this test actually does saves lives. It is not clear if the benefits of PSA screening outweigh the risks of diagnostic tests and cancer treatments” (National Cancer Institute, 2009). According to NCI, a PSA test may detect a small amount of cancer that may never become life threatening. This is referred to as over diagnosis and this can put men at risk of complications from any additional and unnecessary treatment (National Cancer Institute, 2009).

The definition of prostate cancer is pretty simple. The encyclopedic definition of prostate cancer defines prostate cancer as being, “a disease where cells of the prostate become abnormal and start to grow uncontrollably forming tumors.” (Lata, Michelle 1). Prostate cancer is the second most common cause of cancer death in American men. A recent article from the Health Reference Center Academic, defines the prostate “gland as being only about the size of a walnut and it wraps around the urethra and the neck of the bladder. The bladder is the hollow organ that holds urine and the urethra is a tube that carries the urine from the bladder to the end of the penis” (Prostate Cancer 1).

Prostate Cancer is a disease in which there is an uncontrolled growth of cells that lines the ducts of the prostate gland. The abnormal cells can spread throughout the prostate and nearby organs, such as the seminal vesicles. If not caught early they can spread (metastasized) to other organs of the body through the lymph or blood stream. (“...Treatment...” 13) Prostate Cancer can be like a silent killer. Some may show signs and symptoms of this disease while others may not. Some symptoms may include frequent urination, blood in the urine or semen, delayed or slowed start of urinary stream and dribbling or leakage of urine. Diagnosis testing for Prostate Cancer are digital

Men should talk with a doctor if they are 45 and at high risk for prostate cancer. This includes those with a family history, especially African American men.

The goal is to educate men about their risks and encourage them to get a screening. Age and race are factors with African American men having an increased risk factor and higher probability. The American Cancer Society estimates that 1 in 7 men will be diagnosed with the disease in their lifetime. Early intervention is key to a successful treatment plan.

Each year approximately 233,000 men will be diagnosed with prostate cancer (Eggener, Cifu, & Nabhan, 2015). In 2015, prostate cancer was the second most common cancer related cause of death among United States men (Eggener, et. al., 2015). While the majority of prostate cancers are slow growing with a 5-year survival rate of approximately 98%, statistics show that when prostate cancer is identified as metastatic, the 5-year survival rate dramatically drops down to 20-25% (Eggener, et. al., 2015). According to these numbers alone, it appears screening for prostate cancer would be a well-accepted practice. However, current methods of screening for this cancer are controversial and has lead organizations like the U.S Preventative Service Task Force (USPSTF) and the American Cancer Society (ACS) to different guidelines for screening.

Prostate cancer is a kind of cancer that affects the prostate gland in men. It is a common cancer that grows slowly and its treatment can be done successfully if it is detected at an early stage. Sometimes, symptoms are not visible in case of cancer limited to the prostate gland which may result into metastatic cancer. To detect the symptoms, active surveillance can be done. There are various options available

In the UK African and Caribbean men are 2 or 3x more likely to develop PCa than Caucasian men. Asian men are least likely to develop PCa. Japanese- American men have a higher rate of PCa than native Japanese men. This could be because of their diet, co-existing medical conditions, obesity etc that affect the severity of the cancer. Genetic factors have been identified with 8q24 being the most important. 8q24 contains regulatory variants, which modulate genetic risk to various cancers like PCa and is thought the locus might function as a regulatory hub by

Testicular cancer is very rare it, and prostate cancer it can affect males age 15-35. Risk factors are history of one or both testes fail to descend, family history and is more common in white male than African American men. Treatments for prostate cancer depend on the aggressiveness of cancer and can range from surgery, radiation, and hormonal therapy. BPH treatments depend on the severity of is symptoms although it cannot be cured medications can help to shrink the prostate and surgical removal of the central part of the prostate can relive the symptoms, close monitoring until symptoms become a problem. BPH is caused by increased levels of testosterone at occur normally with increasing age, and is the most common cause of urinary obstruction of men 40 and older. Prostate cancer it is not entirely understood but it is caused by an unregulated growth of prostate cells, and is the most common male cancer. Common risk factors are hereditary; an increase age of 50 and older and is more commonly found in African American men then white. Treatments for testicular cancer depend on type of cancer or malignant or non-malignant, and stage of cancer but may include removal of the testicle and nearby lymph nodes sometimes fallowed by radiation

Lastly, the older people get in age, the more likely they are to die from breast cancer. The rate for women 85 years and older shows that they are very likely to die from breast cancer with approximately 7,000 deaths, but you are also less likely to get it at that age when comparing their age group to the incidence chart. The next age group following with about 4,000 deaths is the 65-69 age group.

Prostate cancer is the most common type of carcinoma and the second leading cause of cancer death in men, following carcinoma of the lung. The risk of developing prostate cancer increases with age, beginning at age 50, and is also higher among African-American men. The two highest age subpopulations diagnosed are men 55-64 and 65-74 years of age, comprising 29.0% and 35.6% of all prostate cancer diagnoses, respectively. The age-adjusted incidence rate of prostate cancer is 159.3 per 100,000 men per year2.

Palliative radiotherapy is one of the treatments used to slow down the growth of cancer and control symptoms in men with advanced prostate cancer. Advanced prostate cancer is not curable but treatment can keep it under control for months or years. Having advanced prostate cancer means that the cancer has spread from the prostate, to other parts of the body. Prostate cancer can spread to any part of the body, but most commonly to the bones or lymph nodes. ‘Bone metastases’ or ‘bone secondaries’ are the terms used to describe cancer that has spread to the bone. This can cause pain and problems with moving around. In some cases, men with advanced prostate cancer may also experience painful lymph nodes or blood in their urine, caused by bleeding from the prostate. These symptoms can sometimes be relieved with palliative radiotherapy.

Cancer is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide, with approximately 14 million new cases in 2012.2 The amount of new cases is expected to rise by about 70% over the next 2 decades. Cancer which causes nearly 1 in 6 deaths, is the second leading cause of death globally, and was responsible for 8.8 million deaths in 2015. Approximately 70% of deaths from cancer occur in low- and middle-income countries. In 2012 about 14.1 million new cases of cancer occurred globally (not including skin cancer other than melanoma).3 The most common types of cancer in males are lung cancer, prostate cancer, colorectal cancer and stomach cancer.

The case of prostate cancer within men in Australia, in 2016, is an estimated 25.2% with 12.8% resulting in deaths. The incidence rate of prostate cancer is likely to increase leading to the age group of 65-69 years and then decrease until the age group of 80-84 years. (Australian Cancer Council, 2015).

Firstly, the mental and physical anguish that surrounds testicular cancer is so significant because it is the most common cancer affecting men between the ages of 15 and 39, but it is not limited to this age range. However, young men typically do not get a lot of cancer, so overall testicular cancer is a