Prostate Cancer Case Study

E.E. Calle, C. Rodriguez, K. Walker-Thurmond, et al. Overweight, obesity, and mortality from cancer in a prospectively studied cohort of U.S. adultsN. Engl. J. Med., 348 (2003), pp. 1625–1638

BSE631 TermPaper  Vidur Kumar (Y8560)  Obesity and cancer – linked to what level?  Abstract –

Prostate cancer is the second most common type of cancer diagnosed in men around the world today. Despite years of research, little is known as to the exact cause of prostate cancer, making it an area of intense research in medicine today. The pathology of prostate cancer has yielded important information on prevention, diagnosis and treatment methods. It has been understood that diet has much to do with tumour growth, and new research into nutrition is revealing new strategies in prostate cancer prevention. Genetics also play an important factor and must be taken into consideration. A number of new treatments for prostate cancer have been successfully implemented. Since prostate cancer is most common in men 50 and older, it is for the

Prostate Cancer (PCa) is the most common cancer affecting men and the second leading cause of cancer death among American men (Qaseem, Denberg, Owens, & Shekelle, 2013). Medical professionals have been using prostate specific antigen (PSA) screenings along with digital rectal exam (DRE) for many years to screen for prostate cancer. PSA was first identified in 1966 in semen, followed by the identification of PSA in blood in 1979. The PSA test has been approved for use since 1994 to detect early prostate cancer. Most men that are greater than 50 years of age in the U.S. have had PSA screening, and many have been tested repeatedly. DRE is performed to determine prostate location, size, and the presence of nodules.

For instance, African American males are 2.5 times more likely to die from prostate cancer in comparison to Caucasian males, while Asian males (residing in Asia) have the lowest risk (PCF 2015). From a geographical perspective, North America has the highest incidence rate, while Asia has the lowest (PCF 2015). Also family genetics play a large role in how likely a male is to be diagnosed with prostate cancer (PCF 2015). Having a father or brother diagnosed with prostate cancer increases the likelihood of being diagnosed by two (PCF 2015). Diet and certain hormone levels have also been found to be major risk factors while total caloric intake and fat intake was found to be insignificant (ACS 2015; Gann 2002). High calcium intake (due to supplement consumption) increase risk 4.6 times on average and consumption of red meat was positively correlated with prostate cancer risk (Giovannucci et al. 1998; Kolonel 2001). Contradictory to previous correlations, the relationship between fat intake and the risk of prostate cancer has been found to be inconclusive because although saturated fat intake has been shown to increase the risk of aggressive prostate cancer, the relationship is insignificant (Chavarro et al. 2007). A larger risk factor is found when studying the relationship between high levels of insulin like growing factor (IGF-1) and prostate cancer (Pollak 2008). The previous significance between height and prostate cancer has been found to rely not on the genetic influence, but the levels of IGF-1, since the hormone contributes greatly to your height (Pollak 2008). The relationship between high levels of IGF-1 and incidence of prostate cancer reveals that increased levels of IGF-1 in the bloodstream can increase the risk of prostate cancer due to IGF-1 having the ability to make the prostate grow, and during this growth there is more room for error (mutations when duplicating cells) which can lead

Obesity leads to a number of diseases such as heart disease, type-2 diabetes, high blood pressure, stroke, and certain types of cancer ( NIDDK ). Obesity in it self is a hard health problem for a person to deal with, but some of these other diseases usually come along in association making the problem even worse. Certain disease are related more to women than to men. “Obese men are more likely than non-obese men to die from cancer of the colon, rectum, or prostate (NIDDK ).” Scientific research is making the cure for cancer easier, but there are still many cancer patients that doctors are unable to treat. “Obese women are more likely than non-obese women to die from cancer of the gallbladder, breast, uterus, cervix, and ovaries (NIDDK ).” Cancer is not the only health problem that the body battles during obesity. Many

The Protective Services Task Force in the United States showed that all children with the high BMI require plenty of shed pounds. An increase BMI can diagnose the conceivable weight problems, however, cannot separate among fats or even incline tissues. Also, BMI may wrongly block a couple of youths who do have plenitude fat tissue. It is likewise favorable to supplement the reliability of a BMI investigation with additional screening gadgets, for instance, fat tissue or skin cover estimations.

Univariate analysis was done using the X2 or Fisher’s exact test for categorical variables and the Kruskal-Wallis test for continuous variables. Detailed descriptions of the steps for detecting IGF-1 cut-off points were previously published. (REF) Kaplan-Meier method was used to estimate the median overall survival (OS) which is the time interval between the date of the blood draw for IGF-1 measurement and the death date or the last follow-up date. The log rank test used to detect the statistical significance between the subgroups in both CTP score and the new IGF-CTP score. Cox proportional hazard model used to calculate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) to identify independent prognostic factors for overall survival. R- Programing software used to calculate the Harrell’s C-index and U-statistics to compare the prognostic performance of both scores among the three cohorts. A two-sided P value as descriptive measures was considered statistically significant if less than

Obesity is a word that everyone is currently familiar with. The media and health professionals have been working tirelessly to make the general public aware of its prevalence and detriments to society. With the staggering statistics of 32.2% prevalence in adults and a range of 13.9% to 18.9% prevalence in children and adolescents, these outstanding numbers stand out for themselves. (1) Increasing rates of obesity are associated with higher risk factors for other diseases such as; Type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases, colon cancer, diverticulitis, cancer of the endometrium, and breast

Testicular cancer is a very common type of cancer found in men. I have decided to write my research paper on this subject, as it has affected one of my very close friends. I spent most a year learning about this disease from his detection, exams, treatment and ultimately, surgery. During and after his surgery I took on the role of being his primary caregiver, providing him with emotional and physical support. This cancer was extremely sudden and in the end caused various traumatic side effects. I experienced first-hand how the diagnoses for testicular cancer induced feelings of fear, anxiety, depression, frustration and guilt. However, after accepting the diagnoses and undergoing treatment and surgery, he has been able to

The study, which was presented at the European Obesity Summit in Gothenburg, Sweden, examined the association between 50-year-old male body measurements and the risk of prostate cancer at 14 years.

If treated effectively this is the second most common avoidable cause of death. In the United States, 66% of adults are either overweight (BMI 25–30 kg/m2) or obese (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2; Flegal, Carroll, Ogden, & Curtin, 2010). Obesity can be tacked using multiple treatment options depending on the BMI and risk factors of the individual – it is however suggested combining the approaches provides best outcomes.

Prostate cancer is the most common cancer among men (after skin cancer), but it can often be treated successfully. Millions of men in the US are prostate cancer survivors. Most people diagnosed with prostate cancer can expect to live for at least 5 years after the cancer is found. Those who have detected the cancer early can surpass 15 years. One of the primary factors limiting the life expectancy is that most prostate cancers are found in men who are already over 65-years of age. Therefore, many of these men die of other factors and not the cancer.

Regarding Bmi-1, in our study it was expressed in 58% of breast cancer cases; nearby results were reported by other investigators in their immunohistochemical studies (Kim et al., 2004; Choi et al., 2009; Guo et al., 2011; Wang et al., 2012). Moreover, there was a significant association between Bmi-1 expression and histopathological type, tumor grade, lymphovascular invasion, nodal metastasis, distant metastasis and tumor stage. These results confirm the intimate relation between Bmi-1 and breast cancer progression leading to aggressive behavior. These correlations are similar to results observed by Guo et al., 2011; Zhang et al., 2010; Wang et al., 2012). Guo et al.,2011 observed that over 90% of the late-stage cases (stages III/IV) showed high Bmi-1 expression, whereas less than 50% of the early-stage cases (stages I/II) showed high expression. Moreover, they found that 67.1% of

This purpose of this research is to improve understanding of physical activity and nutrition of people who were previously diagnosed with prostate or breast cancer. This study was created because “Many people who are diagnosed with either breast or prostate cancer are interested in optimizing their health via lifestyle behaviors.” (Steinnagel, Morris, Laasko) It is said that healthy diets and frequently exercising may reduce the risk of developing prostate or breast cancer. The authors stated, “There is a lack of definitive evidence regarding recommended diets for cancer survivors to optimize physical health and prevent recurrence and mortality, but there is a general