Prostate Cancer

Today, prostate cancer is usually detected through screening, and there are two methods for early detection. The prostate-specific antigen test (PSA) is used, but there are

PSA test results are interpreted as: 0-4 ng/mL is normal. Between 4 to 10 ng/ML is 25% of developing cancer, and > 10 ng/ml is a > 50% risk of cancer. However, some men with normal PSA levels still have prostate cancer, while other men with high PSA levels do not. PSA levels increase with age often due to a higher prevalence of benign prostate hypertrophy (BPH). Therefore, no PSA cutoff can accurately guarantee that a man does not have prostate cancer.

Another method to detect this cancer is with a Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA). Protein in the blood that is produced only by prostate cells is reflected the volume of both benign and malignant prostate tissue in the PSA. The higher the PSA level is the more likely it is that Prostate Cancer present. (“Prostate

Organizations are not the only ones at odds with current screening methods. Depending on which organization a physician prefers to follow, a patient may be told to have PSA screening by one physician and be advised to avoid PSA screening by another physician. There are several different factors why this screening is controversial. The most important is the sensitivity and specificity of PSA screening. Research has shown that PSA screening presents with an unusually high amount of false positive results (U.S. Preventative Services Task Force, 2012). This raises some concerns whether the benefit of screening outweighs the possibility of over

Benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) and prostate cancer share a few similarities, elevated prostate-specific antigen (PSA). Along with enlargement of prostate gland that causes urinary symptoms such as, frequent urination, hesitancy, dribbling, and frequent nighttime urination. However, they are quite different which is why more tests need to be done to confirm one or the other condition. These two diseases are also similar in the fact that they both cause an enlargement of the prostate. However with BPH the central portion of the prostate is enlarged and with prostate cancer more commonly the lateral lobes or side of the prostate are enlarged, but can affect any were on the prostate. Both can even be detected by a digital rectal exam however

The most accurate way to detect cancer cells inside the prostate gland is the surgical removal and histopathological examination of the entire gland. As this approach is clinically inapplicable to each patient with suspicious findings, Transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) guided prostatic biopsy is considered the standard diagnostic procedure for the detection of prostate cancer for patients with a high suspicion for prostate cancer 1.

The testicals on the male body are apart of their reproductive system. The testicles are two golf ball size glands held in the scrotum right below the penis. The testicles is where sperm is held and it is also where the hormone testosterone is made. Testicular cancer is located at the testicles. With timely diagnosis, testicular cancer is most likely treatable and curable. The most common age to get testicular cancer is between the ages 15 to 34 years old. The amount of men that will be diagnosed with testicular cancer is about 8,700 men. People can actually die from testicular cancer but it is highly unlikely to happen. The amount of men that will die this year of testicular cancer is roughly 380 men. There is three stages

Researchers and scientists continue to evaluate what factors cause prostate cancer and what can be done to reduce their risks factors. Research plays a valuable role the more knowledge that is gained about the molecular and cellular events underlying prostate cancer and how these events can be interrupted the better we can react to defeating this cancer. While there is no verified way to completely prevent this disease, there are actions that one can take to lower susceptibility. It is important to determine which dietary elements correlate with altered risk of prostate cancer, and how risk may be reduced through chemoprevention. (National Cancer Institute, 1998) High levels of testosterone may increase the development of prostate cancer. For this reason it is extremely uncommon for a man who no longer creates testosterone to develop prostate cancer. And, stopping the body’s production of testosterone, called Androgen deprivation therapy, often shrinks advanced prostate cancer. See the Treatment Options section for more information. (“Prostate Cancer: Risk Factors and Prevention,” 2014) As previously noted screening for prostate cancer is done to find traces of cancer in otherwise healthy men. The two most commonly used tests to screen for prostate cancer are: the PSA blood test and digital rectal examination (DRE). A DRE is a test in which the doctor inserts a gloved lubricated finger into a man’s rectum and feels the surface of the prostate for any irregularities. (“Prostate Cancer: Risk Factors and Prevention,”

PSA is an enzyme, which is found the ejaculate and its role id to breakdown the little clot that forms in the ejaculate which is called semenogelin. PSA controlled by androgen. By monitoring PSA levels it provide an idea of what happening with the androgen. And the result shows that prostate cancer is very much androgen dependent and androgen driven.

About 1 in every 7 males will be diagnosed with prostatic carcinoma, or prostate cancer, in their lifetime (American Cancer Society, 2015). This scary statistic proves just how serious prostate cancer is. According to the American Cancer Society, an estimated 180,000 cases of prostate cancer are diagnosed in the United States. Of the 180,000, 32,000 result in death from the disease each year (American Cancer Society, 2015). This paper will explore what prostate cancer is, the diagnosis process, and possible treatment options for the disease.

Controversial PSA test In 1994, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) was officially approved for PCa screening by the FDA, and 4.0 ng/ml was set as the upper limit of normal range. Following its prevalent use, PSA became the most frequent method of detecting PCa and has resulted in a considerable stage migration. However, considerable controversy remains about PSA screening, due to questions regarding survival benefit, cost effectiveness, and clinical factors such as the optimal age and total PSA at which to recommend biopsy [5], also increase in the levels of PSA is not as specific as it is sensitive for diagnosis. A rise in the PSA level can reflect the presence of cancerous cells, but can also be related to nonmalignant disorders such as

The study was publishes in 2015. This study determined the optimum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) value coupled with free PSA% (FPSA%) to reduce the number of unnecessary biopsies performed on benign prostate disease while identifying significant tumors of prostate cancer (PCa). The study involved 2,225 Caucasian patients who experienced biopsies between the years of 1995 and 2012 and were in the Biobank. The patients were stratified into four age groups: < or = 49 years, 50-60 years, 60-69 years, and > or = 70 years. To determine the new PSA cutoff values, scenarios were simulated with sensitivity and specificity calculated for all PSA cutoff values from 1.25 ng/ml to 6 ng/ml in increments of 0.5 ng/ml and FPSA% values of 15%, 18%, and 20% were compared and contrasted for all groups. Sensitivity was determined to be 88% in all groups, this value was utilized as the lower limit for the new cutoff values and among that group of > or = 88% those with the highest specificity and sensitivity were utilized as the new PSA cutoff values. Statistical analysis was calculated for the new cutoffs, including a 95% confidence interval. The receiver operating characteristic curves with stratified FPSA% values of < or = 18% vs. > 18% and < or = 21% vs. 21% were noted. The proposed new cutoffs for PSA, the FPSA% and the reduced number of biopsies

The doctor can check for an enlarged prostate through a manual examination of the gland. They will also draw blood to check for abnormal levels of prostate-specific antigen, or PSA. If the levels are too high, a biopsy of the prostate may be

“The level of PSA in the blood is proportional to the total prostatic mass and does not necessarily indicate malignancy” (Pellico, 2013, p. 956). However, if an individual has abnormally high levels of PSA in the body, it could indicate that the individual has prostate cancer (Pellico, 2013).

This is in addition to colon cancer and lung cancer, the most common tumors of whom suffer men. If prostate cancer is detected in time, in the early stages, the patient is usually fully cured and can continue to lead a normal life. For timely detection of prostate disease are very important regular controls.