Prostate Cancer Essay

Prostate cancer being a huge cause of mortality and medical expense in men age forty and above has only recently become a topic of general conversation to men in America (Plowden, 2009). African-American men are affected by prostate cancer at a disproportional level than all other men. They are diagnosed up to 65% more frequently and the mortality rate is twice that of Caucasian counterparts (Emerson, 2009). The African-American male is also less likely to take advantage of free prostate cancer screening (Oliver, 2007).

Introduction Prostate cancer (PC) has surpassed lung cancer as the most commonly diagnosed cancer in men. An estimated 230,000 new cases were diagnosed in 2014, accounting for 27% of new cancer cases in men [1]. Although 80–90% of PC with metastatic lesions responds to initial androgen ablation therapy, most of these patients ultimately develop progressive disease of hormone refractory cancer [2]. Obesity, as a growing epidemic all over the world, has been linked to mortality of several cancers [3].

Your kidneys are two bean-shaped organs, each about the size of your fist. They're located behind your abdominal organs, one on each side of your spine. Like other major organs in the body, the kidneys can sometimes develop cancer. Your kidneys are part of the urinary system, which removes waste and excess fluid and electrolytes from your blood, controls the production of red blood cells, and regulates your blood pressure. Inside each kidney are more than a million small filtering units called nephrons. As blood circulates through your kidneys, the nephrons filter out waste products as well as unneeded minerals and water. This liquid waste — urine — flows through two narrow tubes (ureters) into your bladder, where it's

8. After surgery, R.T. is admitted to the surgical intensive care unit (SICU) with a large

Another method to detect this cancer is with a Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA). Protein in the blood that is produced only by prostate cells is reflected the volume of both benign and malignant prostate tissue in the PSA. The higher the PSA level is the more likely it is that Prostate Cancer present. (“Prostate

In Egypt, the urinary bladder cancers accounts for 30.3% of all cancers, of which the

First my father had to go through Transurethral Surgery, to remove the primary tumor from his bladder. During this procedure a resectoscope is passed through the urethra and into the bladder. This instrument has a wire loop attached at the end of it, which is used to scrape the tumor off the wall of the bladder. The tumor is then sent to the lab to be tested for cancer. The patient of this surgery can be placed on either regional anesthesia (patient’s lower body is numbed) or general anesthesia (patient is completely asleep). Side effects to this surgery can include bleeding and pain when urinating. This procedure is very effective because the tumor is completely removed from the bladder and the site is burned to ensure the base of the tumor was removed. My father has had this surgery twice in the past two years where they have successfully removed all of his tumors. He does suffer side effects from the transurethral surgery, such as vomiting, difficulty urinating, and is in a lot of pain, but it prevents him from having to go through Chemotherapy (American Cancer

The convenience and reliability are two of the primary benefits of using a suprapubic catheter. The suprapubic catheter equipment is portable and can be changed in most bathroom stalls if necessary. Research showed that 21% of patients who could void normally had the best health-related quality of life. The suprapubic catheter allows for independence and continued sexual activity. Patients with a suprapubic catheter reported less urinary tract infections, showing that the suprapubic catheter has a lower risk for infection. Patients felt suprapubic catheters were more hygienic. Also, there is overall less skin contact with the equipment required for emptying the bladder. This means, most people can avoid skin breakdowns and other medical side effects that typically come with a traditional catheter (mayo

TREATMENT of localized prostate cancer usually includes prostatectomy and radiation therapy, occasionally augmented with hormonal therapies. However, Fu et al., (2012) have noted that recurrence of prostate cancer occurs in about 15% of patients within 5 years after prostatectomy and in about 40% patients within 10 years. Although, more than 70% of patients are expected to survive for more than 10 years after prostatectomy, radiation or hormone therapy, Cooperberg et al.,(2010) argued that localized prostate cancer patients with intermediate or high risk scores have higher mortality rate after these treatments. With chemotherapies as the existing treatment options for metastatic prostate cancers, patients are expected to have only a median survival of 12-15 months. Bono et al.,(2006). However, most of these traditional treatments are invasive and riddled with adverse side effects. Therefore, novel therapies are on high demand for the treatment of the malignant and recurrent forms of prostate cancer after these

Bladder cancer is the sixth most common cancer in the United States. It's the third most common cancer in men and the 11th in women. There are 16,870 deaths caused by bladder cancer and about 79,000 new cases each year. Some risks that can cause this type of cancer is the use of tobacco, family history of bladder cancer and genetic mutations. A sign that you may have bladder cancer, is blood in the urine, pain when urinating and frequent urination. Although some people may pass this sign off as a bladder infection, it is always a good idea to have a full body check up each year. Treatments for bladder cancer may include a BCG vaccination, radiation therapy, chemotherapy or the surgical removal of the bladder. Of course, treatments will vary

The thyroid gland is the gland that makes and stores hormones that help regulate the heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature, and metabolism. Thyroid hormones are essential for the function of every cell in the body. They help regulate growth and the rate of chemical reactions in the body. Thyroid hormones also help children grow and develop. The thyroid gland is located in the lower part of the neck, below the Adam's apple, wrapped around the trachea. It has the shape of a butterfly with two lobes attached to one another by a middle part called the isthmus. The thyroid uses iodine, a mineral found in some foods and in iodized salt, to make its hormones. The two most important thyroid hormones are thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine

cancer. The use of film mammography can be very hard to recognize breast cancer in

Management of the more common superficial urinary bladder cancer is by cystoscopic transurethral resection (TUR), with or without addition of intravesical cytotoxic chemotherapy and

cause as it takes a long time for a cell to become cancerous, as there

In recent years, cancer prevalence has been increasing globally. It is now one of the top 10 causes of death among the middle and high income countries worldwide (World Health Organisation, 2008). In Singapore, cancer has surpassed cardiovascular disease and become the top killer over the last 3 years (Ministry of Health, 2007). Breast cancer tops the chart among Singaporean women (Health Promotion Board, 2007). Thousands of women are diagnosed with breast cancer annually and it causes approximately 270 deaths each year (Jara-Lazaro, et al., 2010). The lifetime risk that a woman in Singapore getting breast cancer is now 1 in every 17 which has risen compared to past two decades (National Cancer Centre Singapore, 2006). Hence, breast