Prostate Cancer

The prostate is a gland in the male reproductive system, about the size of a walnut and surrounds the urethra. One of its main functions is that it produces a fluid that makes up part of the semen. As men age, the prostate may enlarge and expand, and in the enlarged state, it begins to block the flow of urine. This is a symptom of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) and while not cancerous, surgery is required to correct urine flow. Prostate cancer is the most common cancer in men in the United Sates after skin cancer, and it’s the 2nd leading cause of death from cancer in men. Almost all prostate cancer cases are classified as adenocarcinomas, meaning that

Introduction Prostate cancer (PC) has surpassed lung cancer as the most commonly diagnosed cancer in men. An estimated 230,000 new cases were diagnosed in 2014, accounting for 27% of new cancer cases in men [1]. Although 80–90% of PC with metastatic lesions responds to initial androgen ablation therapy, most of these patients ultimately develop progressive disease of hormone refractory cancer [2]. Obesity, as a growing epidemic all over the world, has been linked to mortality of several cancers [3].

Another method to detect this cancer is with a Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA). Protein in the blood that is produced only by prostate cells is reflected the volume of both benign and malignant prostate tissue in the PSA. The higher the PSA level is the more likely it is that Prostate Cancer present. (“Prostate

Make this November about prostate cancer and raise awareness with “Movember.” Prostate cancer is one of the most common forms of men’s cancer, second to skin cancer. And it is also one of the leading causes of cancer death for men, according to the American Cancer Society. Making medical advice essential this Movember.

After all the different types of testing if there is any abnormality then a biopsy would be the next step. A prostate biopsy is a procedure in which the doctor uses the Trans rectal ultrasound (TRUS) to view and guide a needle into the prostate to take small samples of tissue. These tissues are then examined under a microscope for the presence of cancer. The biopsy procedure is short and you can usually go home the same day. There may be some

Benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) and prostate cancer share a few similarities, elevated prostate-specific antigen (PSA). Along with enlargement of prostate gland that causes urinary symptoms such as, frequent urination, hesitancy, dribbling, and frequent nighttime urination. However, they are quite different which is why more tests need to be done to confirm one or the other condition. These two diseases are also similar in the fact that they both cause an enlargement of the prostate. However with BPH the central portion of the prostate is enlarged and with prostate cancer more commonly the lateral lobes or side of the prostate are enlarged, but can affect any were on the prostate. Both can even be detected by a digital rectal exam however

An indicator of the future course of prostate cancer is predicted by tumor grade and stage. The age of the patient does not seem to play a role in the rate at which tumors spread and become life threatening. At the present moment, determining the stage of prostate cancer without surgery is unreliable. As soon as the cancer spreads to bones or other organs, hormonal treatments can only achieve temporary remissions often measured in months.

Regardless of its commonness, a comprehension of the atomic modifications influencing the improvement, movement, and treatment of the ailment was to a great extent lacking as of not long ago.Regardless of its transcendence, a comprehension of the nuclear changes impacting the headway, movement, and treatment of the disease was for the most part missing up to this point. Fast advances in sub-atomic procedures in the previous decade have seen a sensational increment in our comprehension of the part sub-atomic changes play in prostate malignancy. The sub-atomic changes found have demonstrated that prostate growth advancement

However, subsequently continuous research, shows very low rate of mortality due to the use of PSA and following on the procedure had to be legalized, but can only be repeated every two years or more. PSA quantities can also be used to classify the prostate cancer tumors either high risk, intermediate, or low risk tumors. A PSA level higher than 20ng/ml indicates that the cancer is high risk and with this level there is not much that can be done to help the patient. When the PSA level is at 10ng/ml or less, it indicates that the cancer is low risk and with early detection can be controlled through treatments and other management methods. PSA levels of between 10-20ng/ml are indication of intermediate level of prostrate cancer and can easily be managed through continuous care and treatment (Matthews,

It has been proven that prostate cancer does run in families and that it can be somewhat hereditary

According to the American Cancer Society, “there are nearly 3 million prostate cancer survivors in the United States today and this number is expected to increase to almost 4.2 million by 2024. Most prostate cancers (93%) are diagnosed at the local or regional stage, before the cancer has spread to surrounding organs. Treatment at these early stages is often very successful, and the 5-year relative survival rate approaches 100%.” ("After Prostate Cancer Treatment," 2014). Cancer usually grows slowly and remains confined to the prostate gland initially, where it may not cause serious harm. While some types of prostate cancer grow slowly and may need minimal or no treatment, other types are aggressive and can spread quickly. It 's not clear what causes prostate cancer. Doctors know that prostate cancer begins when some cells in your prostate become abnormal. Mutations in the abnormal cells ' DNA cause the cells to grow and divide more rapidly than normal cells do. The abnormal cells continue living, when other cells would die. The accumulating abnormal cells form a tumor that can grow to invade nearby tissue. Some abnormal cells can break off and metastasize to other parts of the body. ("Prostate Cancer," 2013).

Prostate cancer has an indolent clinical course. Most patients are diagnosed with early stage disease. Treatment is based on life expectancy and aggressiveness of the disease (PSA level + Gleason score).

Prostate cancer is now the most common cancer in men in the UK and the second highest cause of male cancer death. Yet despite its high prevalence it is also highly survivable, with figures from Cancer Research UK showing that 84 per cent of men diagnosed with the disease survive ten years or more following treatment.

Cancer is the name given to diseases in which the body's cells become abnormal cells divide without control in this division and these are cancer cells by attacking nearby or adjacent tissue or it may spread through the blood vessels or lymph to other parts of the body. Prostate cancer is a type of cancer which is formed and evolved into the prostate gland (Bono, Johann, et al., 2010). This is similar to the prostate gland, in the form, walnut, which is responsible for seminal fluid, which nourishes and transmits sperm cell production (Varambally, Divaid et al., 2002). Prostate cancer is one of the most common cancers that appear in males. Getting a result of the diagnosis that confirms infection of the prostate gland cancer may constitute

If we take a look at an example about prostate cancer, with the data collected by Hastie, Tibshirani, Friedman in The Elements of Statistical Learning [2] and view the scatterplot in figure 1.1, we can see that the dependent variable, the log of the prostate specific antigen (lpsa) has a strong positive correlation particularly with lcavol (the log cancer volume) and lcp (the log of capsular penetration) with weaker but still strong correlations with the other dependent variables, log prostate weight (lweight), age, log of the amount of benign prostatic hyperplasia (lbph), and percent of Gleason scores 4 or 5 (pgg45), but not the svi (seminal vesicle invasion) and gleason (gleason score) as these are categorical variables [2]. Below figures 1.2 and 1.3 were fit with all variables and figures 1.4 and 1.5 were simplified by removing variables that had high p values until I felt that the model was better improved and they were fit thereafter. When we plot the fitted values against the residuals, if there is linearity, we should get an even spread around the line at 0. If we look at figures 1.2 and 1.4, for which the R coding can be found in the appendix below (section 7), we can see that they both seem to have linearity with figure 1.2 having possible outliers further away from the line and figure 1.4 having a more even spread. Taking a look at figure 1.3 we can see that there is a particularly good fit along the middle but the tails have fairly large variation, suggesting a