Prostate Cancer Research Paper

The prostate is a gland in the male reproductive system, about the size of a walnut and surrounds the urethra. One of its main functions is that it produces a fluid that makes up part of the semen. As men age, the prostate may enlarge and expand, and in the enlarged state, it begins to block the flow of urine. This is a symptom of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) and while not cancerous, surgery is required to correct urine flow. Prostate cancer is the most common cancer in men in the United Sates after skin cancer, and it’s the 2nd leading cause of death from cancer in men. Almost all prostate cancer cases are classified as adenocarcinomas, meaning that

Another method to detect this cancer is with a Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA). Protein in the blood that is produced only by prostate cells is reflected the volume of both benign and malignant prostate tissue in the PSA. The higher the PSA level is the more likely it is that Prostate Cancer present. (“Prostate

Prostate cancer is a kind of cancer that affects the prostate gland in men. It is a common cancer that grows slowly and its treatment can be done successfully if it is detected at an early stage. Sometimes, symptoms are not visible in case of cancer limited to the prostate gland which may result into metastatic cancer. To detect the symptoms, active surveillance can be done. There are various options available

The day of my high school graduation, my parents received news that my father had a tumor in his bladder. A few weeks later the test results came back positive for cancer. In the past two years I have watched my dad go through many changes that were sad to observe as a daughter, but interesting to learn about as a future medical student. Although I do not know what type of bladder cancer my dad has, I do know he is in stage T1 of his cancer. My dad is doing better as of now, but I have always wanted to learn more about his cancer, and this assignment as given me that chance.

In the article, I read that cancer is evolving around many countries. The cancer classifies as an outrageous cell growth that can damage DNA. The bladder is a depressed organ located in the lower portion of the diaphragm that collects the urine produced by the kidneys. Bladder cancer affects older adults around the ages of 60 and up but can diagnostically happen early. Some symptoms include dark urine, frequent urination, and the common symptom is blood in the urine. These symptoms cause pain during urination. A common type of bladder cancer is urothelial carcinoma or transitional cell carcinoma. Consequently, this causes the invasion of progressive, transitional cells of the wall and the vessels of the bladder broadcasting into other organs.

Bladder cancer is often found because of signs and symptoms a person is having. If you suspect you have bladder cancer, exams and test will be needed to confirm the diagnosis. If cancer is found, further test will be done to determine the stage of the cancer. Medical history and a physical exam could play a big role in detecting cancer. A physician may want to do a complete medical history to check for risk factors and to learn more about your symptoms. A physical exam may provide other information about possible signs of bladder cancer or other health issues. A family doctor may want to do a urinalysis or refer you to a urologist to do further test and treatments.

Bladder cancer affects the Urinary system. Urine is made in the kidneys and flows into the bladder through the ureters. Urine leaves the bladder through the urethra. It typically affects older adults, but can happen at any age. The wall of the bladder has several layers. The innermost layer of the bladder is the urothelium. Most bladder cancers start there. (American Cancer Society

The bladder is a hollow organ in the pelvis with muscular walls. Its main function is to store the urine. Urine is made by the kidneys. The ureters then carry the urine to the bladder. From there a long muscular tube called the urethra carries the urine from the bladder to the outside world. The bladder has several layers which are made up of different types of cells. Bladder cancer starts when the cells in the urinary bladder start to grow uncontrollably. Most bladder cancers start in the deepest layer of the bladder which is called the urothelium. If the cancer grows onto the other layers of the bladder it then becomes more advanced and can be harder to treat. The cancer then may spread outside the bladder to the lymph nodes

Prostate cancer shows no signs or symptoms in the early stages. If prostate cancer develops into advance stages it can metastasize, and lead to several manifestations such as, trouble urinating, decreased force in stream of urine, blood in semen, discomfort in the pelvic area, bone pain and erectile dysfunction (ED) (Mayoclinic.org, 2015). Other known signs and symptoms are pain in the hips, spine, ribs and weakness in the legs or feet. Some of these symptoms may also be caused by other diseases or illness (American Cancer Society.org, 2016).

Unlike many other cancers and serious health problems, prostate cancer does not usually show its symptoms during the earlier stages of its development. This can make it a lot more dangerous than many other cancers and in the US; it ranks amongst the top four most commonly diagnosed cancers (alongside breast, colorectal and lung).

Testicular cancer is when their is an abnormal growth in the testicas from malignant cells. Cancer in the testicals is very rare since it not hereditary, and it is very curable when found in its early stages (source,year)., Iit is mostly only cause by when germ cells (sperm cells) mutate in such a way that it causes cancer (1). With testicular cancer there is 1/263 ca]hance that males will get testicular cancer, but there is a 1/5000 chance from dieing dying from testicular cancer (2). There are two most common forms of tesicular cancer in males, seminoma cancer and nonseminoma. Seminoma testicular cancer is slow growing and will often not migrate far from its original location. Nonseminoma testicular cancer is fast growing and spreads more quickly unlike Seminoma. With testicular cancer males will often have an abnormal lump in the socrum, a feeling of added weight to the socrum, or even some slight pain as well. (3)

Listening to the signs and acting upon them will increase a male's chances to address the cancer in its early stages. One of these symptoms is, a lump or enlargement in either testicle (2). This can be discovered by touching the testicle and feeling the lump. Usually this cancer occurs only on one testicle therefore, the lump would be on one side. The lump that is felt is the tumor that the cancer cells have created. Another symptom can be “a feeling of heaviness in the scrotum” and “a dull ache in the abdomen or groin (2).” The ache in the abdomen or groin in caused by the cancer cells which distribute to the lymph glands near the stomach. Another symptom can be fluid in the scrotum, pain or discomfort, breast enlargement along with tenderness and back pain (2). It is critical that a male sees a doctor as soon as they feel any swelling in the testicles and, or feel any lumps. The doctor will run a series of test to find out if what the male is experiencing is in fact testicular cancer. Depending on the findings and what type of cancer is detected, that’s when the doctor will let the patient know and begin

Yes, Bladder cancer is a common disease but there are ways of killing it or preventing it. But if it tends to pass onto a person from their parents, then there is treatment, Afterwards, there are no worries in it coming back, it may take awhile before the fears disappear but there are cancer survivors out there that has lived through it. But in another sense, bladder cancer might never go away completely. Learning to live with this cancer living inside of a person can be stressful and very difficult but getting regular checkups with the doctor can be extremely helpful. If a person does get this cancer, they are at a risk of developing a second bladder cancer if it is not properly treated. All in all, this type of cancer is very well-known

There are no consistent or obvious signs of prostate cancer while it is still in the early

“The level of PSA in the blood is proportional to the total prostatic mass and does not necessarily indicate malignancy” (Pellico, 2013, p. 956). However, if an individual has abnormally high levels of PSA in the body, it could indicate that the individual has prostate cancer (Pellico, 2013).