Prostate Cancer Research Paper

After all the different types of testing if there is any abnormality then a biopsy would be the next step. A prostate biopsy is a procedure in which the doctor uses the Trans rectal ultrasound (TRUS) to view and guide a needle into the prostate to take small samples of tissue. These tissues are then examined under a microscope for the presence of cancer. The biopsy procedure is short and you can usually go home the same day. There may be some

There are multiple methods for screening for Prostate Cancer; the most common is Digital Rectal Examination. During a digital rectal exam a doctor inserts a glove, lubricated finger into the rectum to feel for any irregular or abnormal firm area in the prostate gland.

The known risk factor for this disease is the old age, when men get older the prostate tissue increase the receptivity to growth factor, and the body increase the production of estrogen which seems to prime androgen receptors in the prostate, stromal tissue ( fibromuscular and connective tissue) stimulated by androgens dihydrotestosterone(DHT) the main prostatic intracellular androgen stimulate the androgen receptor on the stromal cells which stimulate the growth of the fibromuscular tissue. Increasing the number of cell will increase the size of the prostate, hyperplasia will push up against the fibrous capsule which will increase the pressure on the urethra. Fibromuscular hyperplasia will increase the smooth muscle tone in the preprostatic

The normal prostate is a small squishy gland about the size of a walnut and is located under the bladder and in front of the rectum. The urethra runs directly through the prostate (McCance, & Huether, 2014). The nerves that control erectile function are attached to the sides of the prostate. It is a gland that is important for reproduction. The prostate gland undergoes first growth spurt during puberty and a second growth spurt during the fifth decade of life. BPH is a non-cancerous prostatic condition that develops at the transition zone that surrounds the urethra or urinary tube, due to the imbalance between androgen and estrogen secretion causing hyperplasia (Timms, & Hofkamp, 2011). Major symptoms of BPH is caused by this hyperplasia, which obstructs the urethra and bladder.

Benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) and prostate cancer share a few similarities, elevated prostate-specific antigen (PSA). Along with enlargement of prostate gland that causes urinary symptoms such as, frequent urination, hesitancy, dribbling, and frequent nighttime urination. However, they are quite different which is why more tests need to be done to confirm one or the other condition. These two diseases are also similar in the fact that they both cause an enlargement of the prostate. However with BPH the central portion of the prostate is enlarged and with prostate cancer more commonly the lateral lobes or side of the prostate are enlarged, but can affect any were on the prostate. Both can even be detected by a digital rectal exam however

Prostate cancer (PCa) is the commonest malignancy tumour in men and is second in cancer related death after lung cancer. PCa is mainly adenocarcinomas originating from the cortex of the gland (D’Elia et al. 2014).

PSA is a biomarker that is regularly used clinically for screening and diagnosis of prostate cancer. It was discovered in 1972 while trying to find a substance in seminal fluid that would aid in the research of medical cases. Papsidero and associates measured PSA quantitatively in the blood in 1980, which was stated to be a clinical use as a marker for prostate cancer. PSA exists in small quantities in the serum of normal men, and it is raised higher in the presence of prostate cancer and other prostate ailments [8]. Prostate cancer can also be present in the whole absence of a raised PSA level. PSA expresses androgen dependent and so it is less sensitive in older population. The limitations of PSA as biomarker

Today, prostate cancer is usually detected through screening, and there are two methods for early detection. The prostate-specific antigen test (PSA) is used, but there are

The supplement contains natural hormone regulators. The real cause of BPH is yet to be discovered, but it is largely believed to be influenced by the conversion of testosterone into dihydrotestosterone (DHT), which promotes the continuous growing of prostate cells. One of Prostara’s main actions is to inhibit the growth of prostate cells that contribute to prostate enlargement. If you do not want to shrink your prostate back to its normal size and free yourself of BPH symptoms, do not use this product.

In the case for PSA screening, PCa is the leading internal malignancy in US men and the second leading cause of cancer death in American men. Early detection of prostate cancers offers the best chance of cure. The PSA blood test is the best chance of cure. Currently, the PSA blood test is the best currently available way to detect PCa and it is easy, safe and inexpensive. PSA test results is a piece of information, it is what doctors do with the information that becomes the issue. However, the great majority of PSA detected tumors have the histologic characteristics of clinically important cancers. Also, PSA detection has found tumors early advancing the diagnosis by Seeral years (5-13) and prostate cancer mortality rates in U.S have decreased by 4% (patho book) since 1992, which is 5 years after initiation of prostate screenings. The dilemma is over treating the clinically unimportant disease versus under

An indicator of the future course of prostate cancer is predicted by tumor grade and stage. The age of the patient does not seem to play a role in the rate at which tumors spread and become life threatening. At the present moment, determining the stage of prostate cancer without surgery is unreliable. As soon as the cancer spreads to bones or other organs, hormonal treatments can only achieve temporary remissions often measured in months.

Although there are many methods that help with diagnosing prostate cancer such as biomarkers and needle core biopsy, it is the practice patterns of different pathologists that in the end determine the diagnosis. This article explains how and why interobserver variability can affect the ability to diagnose prostate cancer. Additionally, it determines the outliers for immunohistochemistry work up. Immunohistochemistry is a method that can help aid the diagnosis of prostate needle core biopsy specimens. This procedure looks at the small foci of prostatic adenocarcinomas and limits the over diagnosis of non-neoplastic look-alikes.

Wolf, A. M. D., Wender, R. C., Etzioni, R. B., Thompson, I. M., D'Amico, A. V., Volk, R. J., … & Smith, R. A. (2010), American Cancer Society Guideline for the Early Detection of Prostate Cancer: Update 2010. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, 60(2), 70–98.

Prostate cancer is cancer in the prostate gland, prostate cancer is most commonly found in men. Prostate cancer can be treated if found in early stage. Some symptoms that are found for prostate cancer are; frequently urination, difficulty controlling bladder, blood in urine, bone pain, and fecal incontinence. There’s usually no symptoms during the early stages of prostate cancer. Treatment is different for early and advanced prostate cancer, early stage prostate cancer if small and can be detected can be managed by doctor monitoring, radical prostatectomy, brachytherapy, and radiation therapy. Radical prostatectomy is surgically removing prostate, recovery time up to 10 days. Brachytherapy is radioactive seeds implanted into the prostate

Unfortunately, prostate cancer symptoms may be asymptomatic during the beginning stages. Therefore, all males over the age of 50 should have routine physical examinations because it is only through some or all of the following tests that prostate cancer can be detected early. The first test I will be discussing is called the Digital Rectal Examination (DRE), which entails the doctor placing a "gloved and lubricated finger into the rectum in order to feel for any lumps in the prostate" (Cherath). Most prostate tumors start in the posterior area of the prostate, hence why the rectum is examined due to its location being behind the prostate gland. This type of pre-screening is less efficient than a PSA test, however, it can help men who have normal PSA levels and still have tumors. If the doctor feels there is a need for further testing after a DRE then he/she may request other tests to confirm the findings. Furthermore, the most common and routine blood test that helps detect prostate cancer is the Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) test. This blood test is used to "measure the amounts of PSA circulating in the blood" (Cherath). PSA is a protein made by the cells lining the prostate gland, and normal levels of this are 4.0 ng/mL and lower.