Prostate Cancer Research Paper

Prostate Cancer is a disease in which there is an uncontrolled growth of cells that lines the ducts of the prostate gland. The abnormal cells can spread throughout the prostate and nearby organs, such as the seminal vesicles. If not caught early they can spread (metastasized) to other organs of the body through the lymph or blood stream. (“...Treatment...” 13) Prostate Cancer can be like a silent killer. Some may show signs and symptoms of this disease while others may not. Some symptoms may include frequent urination, blood in the urine or semen, delayed or slowed start of urinary stream and dribbling or leakage of urine. Diagnosis testing for Prostate Cancer are digital

There is no definitive cause of PCa but age, race and family history are important risk factors.

Benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) and prostate cancer share a few similarities, elevated prostate-specific antigen (PSA). Along with enlargement of prostate gland that causes urinary symptoms such as, frequent urination, hesitancy, dribbling, and frequent nighttime urination. However, they are quite different which is why more tests need to be done to confirm one or the other condition. These two diseases are also similar in the fact that they both cause an enlargement of the prostate. However with BPH the central portion of the prostate is enlarged and with prostate cancer more commonly the lateral lobes or side of the prostate are enlarged, but can affect any were on the prostate. Both can even be detected by a digital rectal exam however

An indicator of the future course of prostate cancer is predicted by tumor grade and stage. The age of the patient does not seem to play a role in the rate at which tumors spread and become life threatening. At the present moment, determining the stage of prostate cancer without surgery is unreliable. As soon as the cancer spreads to bones or other organs, hormonal treatments can only achieve temporary remissions often measured in months.

The normal prostate is a small squishy gland about the size of a walnut and is located under the bladder and in front of the rectum. The urethra runs directly through the prostate (McCance, & Huether, 2014). The nerves that control erectile function are attached to the sides of the prostate. It is a gland that is important for reproduction. The prostate gland undergoes first growth spurt during puberty and a second growth spurt during the fifth decade of life. BPH is a non-cancerous prostatic condition that develops at the transition zone that surrounds the urethra or urinary tube, due to the imbalance between androgen and estrogen secretion causing hyperplasia (Timms, & Hofkamp, 2011). Major symptoms of BPH is caused by this hyperplasia, which obstructs the urethra and bladder.

PSA has become the most important biomarker for detection and follow up of prostate cancer. PSA levels of greater than 4.0ng/ml have been considered to have predictive value for prostate cancer. This screening test is well tolerated, quick, cheap, and standardized. Physicians are also familiar with the test results and can easily translate (Roobol et al., 2011). According to Wachtel, Nelius, Haynes, Dahlbeck, and de Riese (2013), the United States Preventative Health Task Force recently recommended PSA screening be abandoned in part by examining the results of two randomized trials, concluding that the results did not support the notion that the benefit of PSA screening outweighed the risks and costs even though there has been a steady decline in mortality since the early 1990s.

PSA is a biomarker that is regularly used clinically for screening and diagnosis of prostate cancer. It was discovered in 1972 while trying to find a substance in seminal fluid that would aid in the research of medical cases. Papsidero and associates measured PSA quantitatively in the blood in 1980, which was stated to be a clinical use as a marker for prostate cancer. PSA exists in small quantities in the serum of normal men, and it is raised higher in the presence of prostate cancer and other prostate ailments [8]. Prostate cancer can also be present in the whole absence of a raised PSA level. PSA expresses androgen dependent and so it is less sensitive in older population. The limitations of PSA as biomarker

The supplement contains natural hormone regulators. The real cause of BPH is yet to be discovered, but it is largely believed to be influenced by the conversion of testosterone into dihydrotestosterone (DHT), which promotes the continuous growing of prostate cells. One of Prostara’s main actions is to inhibit the growth of prostate cells that contribute to prostate enlargement. If you do not want to shrink your prostate back to its normal size and free yourself of BPH symptoms, do not use this product.

The finding led to the belief that the solution lied in the saturation, where the maximal growth of the prostate cancer was achieved at a low level of testosterone. This model was produced by Fowler and Whitmore, who concluded “normal endogenous testosterone levels may be sufficient to cause near maximal stimulation of prostatic tumors.” There final conclusion was that “there is not today—nor has there ever been—a scientific basis for the contention that a higher T concentration causes pCA growth, acutely or long-term.” This was a pivotal discovery because many other research labs began to do work on this same theory. Even though the other labs were doing the same research, they all came to similar results to of Huggins and Hodges, and

The known risk factor for this disease is the old age, when men get older the prostate tissue increase the receptivity to growth factor, and the body increase the production of estrogen which seems to prime androgen receptors in the prostate, stromal tissue ( fibromuscular and connective tissue) stimulated by androgens dihydrotestosterone(DHT) the main prostatic intracellular androgen stimulate the androgen receptor on the stromal cells which stimulate the growth of the fibromuscular tissue. Increasing the number of cell will increase the size of the prostate, hyperplasia will push up against the fibrous capsule which will increase the pressure on the urethra. Fibromuscular hyperplasia will increase the smooth muscle tone in the preprostatic

Prostate cancer is cancer in the prostate gland, prostate cancer is most commonly found in men. Prostate cancer can be treated if found in early stage. Some symptoms that are found for prostate cancer are; frequently urination, difficulty controlling bladder, blood in urine, bone pain, and fecal incontinence. There’s usually no symptoms during the early stages of prostate cancer. Treatment is different for early and advanced prostate cancer, early stage prostate cancer if small and can be detected can be managed by doctor monitoring, radical prostatectomy, brachytherapy, and radiation therapy. Radical prostatectomy is surgically removing prostate, recovery time up to 10 days. Brachytherapy is radioactive seeds implanted into the prostate

Although there are many methods that help with diagnosing prostate cancer such as biomarkers and needle core biopsy, it is the practice patterns of different pathologists that in the end determine the diagnosis. This article explains how and why interobserver variability can affect the ability to diagnose prostate cancer. Additionally, it determines the outliers for immunohistochemistry work up. Immunohistochemistry is a method that can help aid the diagnosis of prostate needle core biopsy specimens. This procedure looks at the small foci of prostatic adenocarcinomas and limits the over diagnosis of non-neoplastic look-alikes.

I enjoyed reading your great post. The prostate-specific antigen (PSA) analysis is indeed the utmost essential test in men’s health utilized to screen substantial populaces for prostate cancer, which have shown to decrease the number of men with advanced prostate cancer. According to Moyer (2012), the U.S Preventive Service Task Force {USPSTF} indicated there is greatest controversial related to the efficacy or actual believability in the discovery and following patient survival, henceforth, the propose is a PSA contradiction screening amidst men aged 75 years or older. Furthermore, it indicated currently the equilibrium amid the benefits and disadvantages of prostate cancer screening amongst men below age 75 years indeed cannot actually be measured related to inadequate evidence (Moyer, 2012). In-spite of the recommendation of the USPSTF, arrays of urologist attest to the advantages of PSA test. According to American Cancer Society {ACS}, 2010 guideline related to early discovery of prostate cancer emphasized the significance of incorporating the men in the decision of either to test for prostate cancer or not; even though ACS acknowledged the advantages of PSA in lessening the probability of dying from prostate cancer (Wolf, Wender, Etzioni , Thompson, D'Amico, Volk, et al., 2010). The ACS guideline also noted that the risk involved is enormous especially with actual treatment

Unfortunately, prostate cancer symptoms may be asymptomatic during the beginning stages. Therefore, all males over the age of 50 should have routine physical examinations because it is only through some or all of the following tests that prostate cancer can be detected early. The first test I will be discussing is called the Digital Rectal Examination (DRE), which entails the doctor placing a "gloved and lubricated finger into the rectum in order to feel for any lumps in the prostate" (Cherath). Most prostate tumors start in the posterior area of the prostate, hence why the rectum is examined due to its location being behind the prostate gland. This type of pre-screening is less efficient than a PSA test, however, it can help men who have normal PSA levels and still have tumors. If the doctor feels there is a need for further testing after a DRE then he/she may request other tests to confirm the findings. Furthermore, the most common and routine blood test that helps detect prostate cancer is the Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) test. This blood test is used to "measure the amounts of PSA circulating in the blood" (Cherath). PSA is a protein made by the cells lining the prostate gland, and normal levels of this are 4.0 ng/mL and lower.

The participants in the study had recurring prostate cancer, and the study took stock of the sizes of their lesions. They administered 18F-PSMA-1007 to patients and put those participants through PET-CT scanning twice—once only an hour after injecting them with 18F-PSMA-1007 and again three hours after injection. They successfully detected local recurrence in two patients with prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels of 3.6 and 1.9 ng/mL. They also detected lymph node metastases in two others with PSA levels of 2 and 0.16 ng/mL, and they found bone metasteses in another participant whose PSA level was 3.8 ng/mL.