Prostate Cancer Research Papers

There are difficulties and controversy associated with the current screening methods for prostate cancer. The PSA test for prostate cancer has become controversial as it is “not yet known for certain if this test actually does saves lives. It is not clear if the benefits of PSA screening outweigh the risks of diagnostic tests and cancer treatments” (National Cancer Institute, 2009). According to NCI, a PSA test may detect a small amount of cancer that may never become life threatening. This is referred to as over diagnosis and this can put men at risk of complications from any additional and unnecessary treatment (National Cancer Institute, 2009).

There are many symptoms that can cause suspicion of Prostate Cancer. While very few men show no signs or symptoms of this cancer many men show signs in their urine. (“Prostate Cancer”) Frequent urination, the frequent use of the bathroom, is one of the most common signs of Prostate Cancer. During the night a male that possibly has this cancer uses the bathroom 6 to 7 times. (“Fact Sheet”) Other symptoms may include blood in the urine or semen, delayed or slowed start of urinary stream and dribbling or leakage of urine. Bone pain or tenderness, along with pain in bowel movements, can also be a major symptom, but not as common. (“Prostate Cancer”) Although these are symptoms of Prostate Cancer, they can also be signs of other diseases and is recommended to see a doctor for diagnostic testing.

A prostate is a gland in the male reproductive system found below the bladder and in front of the rectum. Prostate cancer is cancer that forms in tissue in that gland, it usually occurs in older men. Cancer comes in forms of tumors, which is an abnormal growth of cells. Malignant tumors are the cancerous tumors of the two different types of tumors. Can cause pain and interfere with normal function, but they can also cause other systems in the body to act abnormally. Malignant tumors can invade nearby groups of cells or tissues, crowding out and destroying normal cells.

Testicular cancer is very rare it, and prostate cancer it can affect males age 15-35. Risk factors are history of one or both testes fail to descend, family history and is more common in white male than African American men. Treatments for prostate cancer depend on the aggressiveness of cancer and can range from surgery, radiation, and hormonal therapy. BPH treatments depend on the severity of is symptoms although it cannot be cured medications can help to shrink the prostate and surgical removal of the central part of the prostate can relive the symptoms, close monitoring until symptoms become a problem. BPH is caused by increased levels of testosterone at occur normally with increasing age, and is the most common cause of urinary obstruction of men 40 and older. Prostate cancer it is not entirely understood but it is caused by an unregulated growth of prostate cells, and is the most common male cancer. Common risk factors are hereditary; an increase age of 50 and older and is more commonly found in African American men then white. Treatments for testicular cancer depend on type of cancer or malignant or non-malignant, and stage of cancer but may include removal of the testicle and nearby lymph nodes sometimes fallowed by radiation

Testicular cancer is known as cancer in the male organs that make male hormones and sperm. Although, cancer is something to be taken serious it does have a ninety-five percent survival rate within five years. This allows five years for males to go unchecked for testicular cancer before any serious consequences that may arise. Another sign of good news is that testicular cancer is rare and only effects one percent of the population. Males who are twenty to thirty five years of age are more likely to be effected by

PSA is a biomarker that is regularly used clinically for screening and diagnosis of prostate cancer. It was discovered in 1972 while trying to find a substance in seminal fluid that would aid in the research of medical cases. Papsidero and associates measured PSA quantitatively in the blood in 1980, which was stated to be a clinical use as a marker for prostate cancer. PSA exists in small quantities in the serum of normal men, and it is raised higher in the presence of prostate cancer and other prostate ailments [8]. Prostate cancer can also be present in the whole absence of a raised PSA level. PSA expresses androgen dependent and so it is less sensitive in older population. The limitations of PSA as biomarker

As the prostate enlarges it squeezes down on the urethra. The bladder wall becomes thicker and eventually weakens losing the ability to empty completely. This causes urine to be left in the bladder. The narrowing of the urethra and urinary retention cause many of the problems associated with BPH. It is common in men and almost half of the men 51 to 60 have it while almost

Although PSA Screening tests can facilitate to detect prostate cancer in its early stage, there is controversy and concern about patient being unnecessarily treated and over-diagnosed. The reliability of prostate specific antigen (PSA) testing is very poor. PSA values could be false positive caused by conditions such as benign prostatic hyperplasia, ejaculation, perineal trauma and PSA value cannot be used to rule out prostate cancer. PSA-screening misses a considerable number of patients with PCa (false-negatives) and wrongly suspects or false-positives (Hayat, Nordin and Berglund, 2013). Sensitivity of the test is determined with the percentage of people tested with the disease that had positive results equals the number of patients that were true positive. The cut-off range for an abnormal PSA screening is 4.0 ng/mL. The American Cancer Society estimated that, the sensitivity of a PSA levels cutoff of 4.0 ng/mL, was twenty one percent for detecting any prostate cancer and fifty one percent for detecting high-grade cancers (Gleason ≥8). Validity of the test can be determined by the ability of its screening to accurately identify, if the patient has the disease or not. With PSA screening alone, one cannot validate if the patient has prostate cancer and other diagnostic tests such as digital rectal exam

The prostate is a gland only found in males. It sits below the urinary bladder and in front of the rectum. As males age the prostate changes with it , it grows rapidly during puberty, filed by the rise in male hormones such are testosterone .The prostate is usually stay around the same size or grows slowly in adults, as long as the hormones are present. In young men its about the size of a walnut but it can grow much larger in older men. The prostates job is to make some of the fluid that protects and nourishes sperm cells in semen, making the semen more liquid. Several types of cells are also found in the prostate, but almost all prostate cancers develop for the gland cells. its is called adenocarcinoma. Other types of cancer that also start

Cancer. One word, a million different emotions. Cancer is a term used to describe a group of diseases in which abnormal cells divide and invade other tissues at an uncontrollable rate. Cancer cells rapidly travel through blood and lymph systems to other parts of the body. With over 100 different types of cancers this year alone over 500,000 Americans are expected to die from cancer, making it the second leading cause of death in the US. (TLCF,2014- Thomas Latimer Cancer Foundation) Among the vast forms of cancer, prostate cancer is the second most common cancer in American men after skin cancer. Prostate cancer affects males as it is found in the prostate gland an organ found in the male reproductive system. Prostate cancer has many faucets

Benign prostatic hyperplasia is the health topic I chose to do research over. This disease is commonly found in the aging male and typically begins when they are 40 years old. This disease can start during the males 40s but “he may not experience symptoms until much later depending on individual condition progress” (Callahan 284). This disease can be complex and the pathophysiology is long.

Prostate Cancer (PCa) is the most common cancer affecting men and the second leading cause of cancer death among American men (Qaseem, Denberg, Owens, & Shekelle, 2013). Medical professionals have been using prostate specific antigen (PSA) screenings along with digital rectal exam (DRE) for many years to screen for prostate cancer. PSA was first identified in 1966 in semen, followed by the identification of PSA in blood in 1979. The PSA test has been approved for use since 1994 to detect early prostate cancer. Most men that are greater than 50 years of age in the U.S. have had PSA screening, and many have been tested repeatedly. DRE is performed to determine prostate location, size, and the presence of nodules.

Turns out that prostate cancer is more deadly for your health than you may realize.

The testicals on the male body are apart of their reproductive system. The testicles are two golf ball size glands held in the scrotum right below the penis. The testicles is where sperm is held and it is also where the hormone testosterone is made. Testicular cancer is located at the testicles. With timely diagnosis, testicular cancer is most likely treatable and curable. The most common age to get testicular cancer is between the ages 15 to 34 years old. The amount of men that will be diagnosed with testicular cancer is about 8,700 men. People can actually die from testicular cancer but it is highly unlikely to happen. The amount of men that will die this year of testicular cancer is roughly 380 men. There is three stages

Men who have a family history of prostate problems. If your father, brother or another male in your family has had prostate issues in the past, then your chances of experiencing prostate health issues is higher.