Prostate Cancer : The Most Common Cancer

Today, prostate cancer is usually detected through screening, and there are two methods for early detection. The prostate-specific antigen test (PSA) is used, but there are

In the United States, it’s estimated that roughly 1 in 5 men will be diagnosed with prostate cancer. According to the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program (SEER) of the National Cancer Institute, “the number of new cases of prostate cancer was 129.4 per 100,000 men per year. The number of deaths was 20.7 per 100,000 men per year. These rates are age-adjusted and based on 2009-2013 cases and

In the case for PSA screening, PCa is the leading internal malignancy in US men and the second leading cause of cancer death in American men. Early detection of prostate cancers offers the best chance of cure. The PSA blood test is the best chance of cure. Currently, the PSA blood test is the best currently available way to detect PCa and it is easy, safe and inexpensive. PSA test results is a piece of information, it is what doctors do with the information that becomes the issue. However, the great majority of PSA detected tumors have the histologic characteristics of clinically important cancers. Also, PSA detection has found tumors early advancing the diagnosis by Seeral years (5-13) and prostate cancer mortality rates in U.S have decreased by 4% (patho book) since 1992, which is 5 years after initiation of prostate screenings. The dilemma is over treating the clinically unimportant disease versus under

There are multiple methods for screening for Prostate Cancer; the most common is Digital Rectal Examination. During a digital rectal exam a doctor inserts a glove, lubricated finger into the rectum to feel for any irregular or abnormal firm area in the prostate gland.

Prostate cancer (PCa) is the commonest malignancy tumour in men and is second in cancer related death after lung cancer. PCa is mainly adenocarcinomas originating from the cortex of the gland (D’Elia et al. 2014).

According to the ACS Statistics of cancer incidence rates among US males for 2003-2007, prostate cancer occurs more commonly in African American men than in white males (ACS, 2011-2012). Therefore, it is not only essential, but also vital to increase knowledge on the subject matter, raise general awareness, and promote shared decision making about screening and testing procedures. The authors of this academic paper had realized how important prostate cancer screening among African American men is, and thus their main objective was to initiate a scientific Prostate Cancer Screening Decision

Prostate cancer is the most common type of cancer in American men after skin cancer. There are many risk factors that increase the disease such as age, being the far most important risk factor, along with race, family history and diet (ASCO, 2015). The prostate is a walnut shaped gland of the male reproductive system that functions to create part of the semen, which is fluid in which sperm swim in when ejaculation occurs. It is located inferior to the bladder, anterior to the rectum, surrounding the urethra. For this reason, when a prostate becomes abnormal, many signs and symptoms manifest themselves when a male urinates. When the prostate becomes enlarged by cancer or any other disease, it blocks the neck of the urethra causing a weak stream,

The purpose of this paper is to reflect on pros and cons of PSA testing, and to review current guidelines from well respected authorities. The European Randomized Study of Screening for PCa (ERSPC) showed a 20% reduction in PCa specific mortality (Moyer, 2012). However, the prostate arm of the Prostate Lung, Colorectal and Ovarian (PLCO) Cancer Screening Trial in the United States did not demonstrate a mortality reduction of men randomly screened by PSA testing (Moyer, 2012). In addition, PCa treatment has many serious or potentially life threatening adverse effects. As a result, choosing an optimal treatment for localized PCa is difficult and controversial.

One future cancer screening test for prostate cancer is called EPCA -2 testing. “EPCA (early prostate cancer antigen) is a protein that is present in the blood in higher amounts in men who have prostate cancer than in men without cancer” (Prostate.net, n.d.). A 2007 article, according to Prostate.net, published in the journal Urology provided evidence that EPCA-2 testing was more cancer specific than PSA. If this is true, the test “could reduce unnecessary biopsies and the over diagnosis and over treatment of prostate cancer” (Prostate.net, n.d.). As of 2009 EPCA-2 research is continuing (Prostate.net, n.d.).

Medical organizations have disagreed on when men should be screened and what the benefits would be. The recommendations from these medical organizations for screening purposes are as follows: when they reach the age of 50 or sooner if the individual has any of the risk factors. The risk factors are any of the following: family history of prostate cancer

I enjoyed reading your great post. The prostate-specific antigen (PSA) analysis is indeed the utmost essential test in men’s health utilized to screen substantial populaces for prostate cancer, which have shown to decrease the number of men with advanced prostate cancer. According to Moyer (2012), the U.S Preventive Service Task Force {USPSTF} indicated there is greatest controversial related to the efficacy or actual believability in the discovery and following patient survival, henceforth, the propose is a PSA contradiction screening amidst men aged 75 years or older. Furthermore, it indicated currently the equilibrium amid the benefits and disadvantages of prostate cancer screening amongst men below age 75 years indeed cannot actually be measured related to inadequate evidence (Moyer, 2012). In-spite of the recommendation of the USPSTF, arrays of urologist attest to the advantages of PSA test. According to American Cancer Society {ACS}, 2010 guideline related to early discovery of prostate cancer emphasized the significance of incorporating the men in the decision of either to test for prostate cancer or not; even though ACS acknowledged the advantages of PSA in lessening the probability of dying from prostate cancer (Wolf, Wender, Etzioni , Thompson, D'Amico, Volk, et al., 2010). The ACS guideline also noted that the risk involved is enormous especially with actual treatment

The brochure’s topic on Prostate Cancer Screening is consistent with Healthy People (HP) 2020 objectives on cancer. While the overall objective for all cancers is to “Reduce the number of new cancer cases, as well as the illness, disability, and death caused by cancer” (HP 2020, 2010), the specific objective for prostate cancer is to reduce prostate cancer death rate.

Besides, there are several types of cancer such as cancer of the prostate, this is the most common cancer in men. It is the cell growth of the prostate and defined as failure of PSA level to fall to undetectable range. PSA is the protein agent that facilitate the semen to maintain its liquid form. It should be noted that there is no agreement on threshold PSA level for detectable vs undetectable (Prostate cancer). Older men within the age 65-79 years are the group most affected. Ovarian cancer is another form of cancer

Acid Phosphatase is an enzyme found in seminal fluid. It comes from the prostate gland (Johnson 2009). Typically, the more Prostatic Acid Phosphatase found in a sample of semen is a sign of prostate cancer. This is important because the Acid Phosphatase Color Test was once used to determine of a male had prostate cancer. It was later replaced by Prostate Specific Antigen, aka PSA. Forensic scientists still use this test to identify semen, however. In 1938, Gutman and Gutman reported increased levels of acid phosphatase in patients with metastatic prostate cancer (Taira, Merrick, Wallner, and Dattoli, “Reviving the Acid Phosphatase Test for Prostate Cancer”). It was later replaced by the Prostate Specific Antigen in 1971 (Taira, Merrick, Wallner, and Dattoli, “Reviving the Acid Phosphatase Test

Impact Statement: The potential impact of our research study on the reduction or elimination of the disproportionate effects of prostate cancer in AA population is on several grounds. Using our innovative molecular screening approaches it is for the first time we are evaluating the prevalence of prostate cancer specific molecular markers using the whole-mount prostate tissue of AA population on a large cohort of 500 AA men with prostate cancer. So far, no study has included such a large number of cases to interrogate the prevalence of known molecular markers, particularly using whole-mount tissue. Given the unique tumor resources available at the Henry Ford Health system we will be able to accomplish the proposed goal within the stipulated time. Conventional approaches using dominant/index nodule and decisions made on single marker screening may not provide the actual incidence of the molecular markers and attempts to make clinical correlations often fail to establish meaningful associations. In our study we will be evaluating all tumor foci, including atypical foci, high grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (HGPIN), HGPIN mimics, and variant morphological forms irrespective of size and Gleason grade on whole-mount tissue to estimate the overall prevalence of molecular markers in AA prostate cancer compared with EA prostate cancer. Our approach preserves the spatial architecture and distribution of each tumor foci, which will provide meaningful observations on clonal