Prostate Hyperplasia

For example, age is the biggest factor. We all know that as men age and get older they run a higher chance of their prostate enlarging and developing cancer. Family history and race are also the other two big ones. If people in your immediate family have had the cancer, then you run a higher risk of contraction because you’re already genetically predisposed to getting prostate cancer. Also, African American men are more likely to be diagnosed with the cancer, with white and Hispanic men following behind. According to the CDC, from the years 1999-2013, black men had higher mortality and contraction rates than men of other races and ethnicities.1 Hormones are also a risk factor; should the male be producing a lot of testosterone could put him at risk.

There are difficulties and controversy associated with the current screening methods for prostate cancer. The PSA test for prostate cancer has become controversial as it is “not yet known for certain if this test actually does saves lives. It is not clear if the benefits of PSA screening outweigh the risks of diagnostic tests and cancer treatments” (National Cancer Institute, 2009). According to NCI, a PSA test may detect a small amount of cancer that may never become life threatening. This is referred to as over diagnosis and this can put men at risk of complications from any additional and unnecessary treatment (National Cancer Institute, 2009).

Testicular cancer in one of the most common cancers in young men between the ages of 15 and 35, but the disease also occurs in other age groups. All men should be aware of the signs and symptoms, the causes of the disease, and the treatment. Compared with other cancers, testicular cancer is rare. Testicular cancer is highly treatable, even when cancer has spread beyond the testicle. Depending on the type and stage of testicular cancer, you may receive one of several treatments, or a combination. Regular testicular self-examinations can help identify growths early, when the chance for successful treatment of testicular cancer is highest.

Prostate Cancer is a disease in which there is an uncontrolled growth of cells that lines the ducts of the prostate gland. The abnormal cells can spread throughout the prostate and nearby organs, such as the seminal vesicles. If not caught early they can spread (metastasized) to other organs of the body through the lymph or blood stream. (“...Treatment...” 13) Prostate Cancer can be like a silent killer. Some may show signs and symptoms of this disease while others may not. Some symptoms may include frequent urination, blood in the urine or semen, delayed or slowed start of urinary stream and dribbling or leakage of urine. Diagnosis testing for Prostate Cancer are digital

Men should talk with a doctor if they are 45 and at high risk for prostate cancer. This includes those with a family history, especially African American men.

A prostate is a gland in the male reproductive system found below the bladder and in front of the rectum. Prostate cancer is cancer that forms in tissue in that gland, it usually occurs in older men. Cancer comes in forms of tumors, which is an abnormal growth of cells. Malignant tumors are the cancerous tumors of the two different types of tumors. Can cause pain and interfere with normal function, but they can also cause other systems in the body to act abnormally. Malignant tumors can invade nearby groups of cells or tissues, crowding out and destroying normal cells.

Risk factors such as, family history. For example about 10% of men at a young age have had testicular cancer because they were born with an undescended testicle. Also, men with specific genetics such as the Klinefelter syndrome, Down syndrome or family that has had the disease before, could have a high risk of the cancer to develop. Not only can family history increase the risk of the disease, but also men with sexual transmitted diseases such as HIV can possibly get testicular cancer. There are usually no early symptoms of the cancer, but at least 25% do experience them. Some early symptoms include a mass or lump that is felt in the testes, it is usually painless. Even if the lump or mass is small or large, and soft or hard it is not always cancer, the mass or lump could indicate anything else. Depending on how much the cancer has spread, there are different symptoms for each. For example, if the cancer has spread beyond the testicle such as the lymph nodes in the abdomen or the lungs and brain symptoms such

Prostate cancer (PCa) is the commonest malignancy tumour in men and is second in cancer related death after lung cancer. PCa is mainly adenocarcinomas originating from the cortex of the gland (D’Elia et al. 2014).

This type of cancer happens in a man's male reproductive gland which is a small walnut-shaped gland that produces the very important fluid that gives food to keep alive and vehicles sperm. Male reproductive gland cancer grows slowly and during the first stages it remains within the male reproductive gland and not be serious or cause any harm. However, while at times male reproductive gland cancer may grow slowly and may only need very little treatment or not treatment at all, there are some type's male reproductive gland cancers that are aggressive and spread quickly. This way identifying a disease or its cause the cancer early while is kept to the male reproductive gland, has a better change of effective treatment. Although there may be no signs and signs of sickness during the early stages of male reproductive gland cancer, when the male reproductive gland cancer is more advance it may cause some signs of sickness including but not limited to; trouble urinating, decreased force in stream of urine, blood in the urine, blood in the semen, swelling of the legs and discomfort in the hip-related area. As of today, it is not certain exactly what causes male reproductive gland cancer among men. It is know that male reproductive gland cancer begins when the cells of the male reproductive gland become different from what's usually expected and change in the DNA of these

The normal prostate is a small squishy gland about the size of a walnut and is located under the bladder and in front of the rectum. The urethra runs directly through the prostate (McCance, & Huether, 2014). The nerves that control erectile function are attached to the sides of the prostate. It is a gland that is important for reproduction. The prostate gland undergoes first growth spurt during puberty and a second growth spurt during the fifth decade of life. BPH is a non-cancerous prostatic condition that develops at the transition zone that surrounds the urethra or urinary tube, due to the imbalance between androgen and estrogen secretion causing hyperplasia (Timms, & Hofkamp, 2011). Major symptoms of BPH is caused by this hyperplasia, which obstructs the urethra and bladder.

PSA is a biomarker that is regularly used clinically for screening and diagnosis of prostate cancer. It was discovered in 1972 while trying to find a substance in seminal fluid that would aid in the research of medical cases. Papsidero and associates measured PSA quantitatively in the blood in 1980, which was stated to be a clinical use as a marker for prostate cancer. PSA exists in small quantities in the serum of normal men, and it is raised higher in the presence of prostate cancer and other prostate ailments [8]. Prostate cancer can also be present in the whole absence of a raised PSA level. PSA expresses androgen dependent and so it is less sensitive in older population. The limitations of PSA as biomarker

By race, black men have the highest incidence rate of this disease with an incidence rate of 239.8 per 100,000 men, while Hispanic men have the lowest with a rate of 133.4 per 100,000 men. The death rate of African-Americans is more than double that of any other race with a mortality rate of 56 per 100,000 men2. Recent data indicates that cancer develops in 30% of black men ages 50-59 and in 39% of black men 60-692. This is in contrast to 8% of black men developing it between the ages of 40 and 49. Similar data has been shown for men with a family history . The age-adjusted death rate from prostate cancer has fortunately decreased by 3.4% between 2001 and 2006 and the lifetime risk of developing prostate cancer is 15.9% for American men (i.e. 1 in every 6 men) 2.

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is an enlarged prostate. The prostate goes through two main growth periods. The first occurs early in puberty and the second begins around the age of 25 and continues during most of the man’s life ("Urology care foundation - What is benign prostatic hyperplasia (bph)?," 2016). BPH normally occurs during the second growth phase.

On the other hand, affected males present normally at birth with some showing signs of hyperpigmentation of the scrotum or a large phallus. It is recommended that surgery on females with ambiguous genitalia has the most positive outcomes between two and six months. Individuals with CAH are also at higher risk of early pubertal development and short stature as adults. Additionally, fertility rates in women with classic 21-alpha-hydroxylase CAH are low, while most males with the disorder are fertile as adults with a minority exhibiting evidence of Leydig cell failure and impaired spermatogenesis. In patients with classic 21-alpha-hydroxylase CAH there is an elevated serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone concentration of higher than 1200 ng/dL. In fact, most of the neonates found with the disorder have serum concentrations of 17-hydroxyprogesterone that exceed 3500

Prostate cancer is the second most common cancer and it is the second leading cause of cancer death in American men according to the American Cancer Society(ACS) ( 2016). Older age is the strongest risk factor for the development of prostate cancer. Approximately 1 in 7 men will be diagnosed with prostate cancer during his lifetime (ACS, 2016). There are more than 2.9 million prostate cancer survivors in the United States (ACS, 2016). The risk of dying from prostate cancer is 2.9 percent, with seventy percent of deaths occurring after age 75(ACS, 2016; Howlader, Krapcho, Neyman,Aminou et al, 2011). The use of the prostate-specific antigen testing transformed prostate cancer screening in the 1990’s (Up to date) . PSA screening for prostate