Protein Disorder And Its Clinical Importance Essay

Today is my second day inside the cell. "Ok now that I'm in the cell, how am I supposed to go explore the cell with no transportation? Oh, nevermind I can use vesicles to take all around the cell.". I get on a vesicle and im zooming through the air like lightning. Looking around the cell I see the cytoplasm holding the organelles. It's the jelly like substance in the cell. ". There goes the lysosomes, in other words the recycling center.". The job for the lysosome is to break down and digest. The lysosomes seems to be working just fine. "Holy cow! There goes the mitochondria.". The mitochondria has a really hard job, it's one of the organnelles that use up more energy. The job of the mitochondria is to break down food into carbon dioxide and

The cell is the basic unit of life in eukaryotic organisms. The inside of the cell is comprised of multiple subunits called organelle that all function together to maintain homeostasis and function. Each individual organelle is assigned a specific task and purpose for the cell. These tasks and purposes can range from structural support all the way to the disposal of malfunctioning organelle.1 Similarity to a machine, if one part stops functioning to full potential, serious if not fatal consequences can be faced. A shining example of the effects of a malfunctioning organelle occurs in Tay-Sachs disease. Tay- Sachs disease is a lysosomal disorder that is caused by a faulty lysosome.1 Recent studies and research have been investigating the causes and pathways Tay-Sachs disease with great success, which is amazing news for the scientific community.

Lysosomes are specialized vesicles that are created by the Golgi body. Their role is to digest any worn out, excess or unwanted bodies within the cell. This could include bacteria or viruses as well as mitochondria which are no longer effective. To do this they contain an

From Cystic Fibrosis to Down’s Syndrome and Sickle Cell Anemia, there are tens of thousands of genetic disorders, with many more to be discovered. The fascinating thing about genetic disorders is that when we were born it’s a gamble whether or not we would come into this world with a genetic disorder. Although genetic disorders are quite rare and we take being born without one as granted, there are many out there that live with these disorders everyday. My research paper will focus on the specificalities of a few genetic disorders, the disorders presented in my paper are Marfan Syndrome, Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria, Cystic Fibrosis, and Sickle Cell Anemia. My paper will encompass important specifics

Lysosome, digest proteins, fats, and carbohydrates in the cell. It transports waste outside of the

There are a number of high protein diets that have been very popular in recent years. Many of them were built on the premise that if protein was a fat burner, then more protein would mean more fat burning. These diets suggested that you could lose weight and be healthy by eating extreme amounts of protein while severely limiting the amount of carbohydrates (even the healthy ones). Protein can be dangerous in amounts over the recommended amount and may be even more dangerous to those who have certain health conditions or diseases. Before starting any kind of diet plan, it is important to consult your doctor for suggestions and recommendations.

A cell organelle is a membrane bound compartment inside all eukaryotic cells that function in a variety of important cellular processes. Organelles include the nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, and the mitochondria. It is important to know information about organelles because they provide understanding of how the body functions everyday. In this experiment, cells are broken up and the cellular components are separated on the basis of size, mass, and density using a variety of centrifugation techniques (Lodish). Cell components of different densities, cell fractions, are isolated and analyzed to find the organelle’s function within the cell.

Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) are neurodegenerative diseases that are thought to be caused by the misfolding of prion proteins. Prions are able to replicate in the absence of nucleic acids. TSEs include: scrapie, bovine spongiform encephalopathy, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, kuru, Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker disease, and Fatal Familial Insomnia. They can affect many different animals, including humans. Currently, there are no ways to diagnose, treat, or cure TSEs, as much more research is needed before these diseases are completely understood.

Inside of a cell, there is the cytoplasm. The cytoplasm is the gel-like material that surrounds the organelles and holds them in place. Each of the organelles has a specific job/duty to do in the cell. One of the organelles is called autophagosomes. The job for these organelles is to constantly eat the cytoplasm, bacteria, viruses, and damaged cell parts. The leftovers are then carried to the digestive organelles such as Lysosomes. There, the leftovers are broken down. This process is called autophagy. For example, if a damaged mitochondria, is swept up by an autophagosome and carried to a lysosome, by tracing the movement of proteins in the cell, the authors and their colleagues have been unraveling

Birth defects or genetic disorders can be defined as the presence of the deformities or deficiencies in the physical or cerebral formation or function of a child at birth. These disorders range from inconsequential to critically collapsing or life-threatening. A major imperfection of some type happens to be present in just about three percent of all births. Some defects like Down syndrome, Tay-Sachs disease, sickle cell disease, and hemophilia are genetic in origin. On the other hand, some defects like rubella, gonorrhea and syphilis may be caused by infections. Other agents that could cause malformation include drugs or hormones taken by the mother during pregnancy. A defect can also occur in the baby if there is a history of maternal illnesses such as diabetes. The developing fetus can also be affected due to the kind of nutrition mother consumes. If a woman drinks alcohol, uses drugs or smokes, her children are likely to be born defected. In some cases, when a pregnant woman is exposed to toxic chemicals and radiation, the developing fetus is expected to develop poorly. If the male parent is used to of smoking, takes drugs, or is exposed to toxic chemicals, all such things can damage his sperm. This defected sperm may transfer the defect to the embryo in fertilization. Some disorders appear if the mother or father is older. The older age elevates the chances age-related gene mutations. Now the scientific technology has become so advanced

It plays a role in both the conditions and responds to numerous stimuli which includes: nutrient deprivation, cytokines, cellular stress, and amino acid starvation (Mizushima et al., 2008). There have been three different cell mechanisms explained in mammals for delivery of autophagic components to lysosomes: microautophagy, macroautophagy, and chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA). The extent that CMA is involved in homeostasis of muscles is undefined and should be addressed in detail in the future (Bonaldo & Sandri, 2012). Per analysis of multiple organs, it has been seen determined that skeletal muscle has one of the highest rates of vesicle formation of tissues during fasting. “Autophagy is primarily considered to be a non-selective degradation pathway, but the significance of more selective forms of autophagy is becoming increasingly evident” (Bonaldo & Sandri, 2012, p. 29). In mammals, it is seen that an inactivation of the gene parkin or PINK1, leads to abnormal mitochondria and regulates mitophagy. This gene brings parkin to the mitochondria and endorses mitophagy through ubiquitylation of outer mitochondrial membrane proteins, which brings autophagic vesicles to ubiquitylated mitochondrial proteins (Narenda and Youle, 2011). “The main crucial role of the auto-lysosome system in relation to skeletal muscle is confirmed by the fact that alterations to this process contribute to the pathogenesis

In the beginning of the article, the writer describes the main function of lysosomes and how lysosomes relate to other organelles in other types of cells. In the writer’s words, “Lysosomes are found in animal cells...In plant and fungal cells, a similar type of function is carried out inside vacuoles”(p. 1).

Within in cells, there are many functions, systems, and structures. One such system is the endomembrane system containing the endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and endosomes. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) plays a significant role in protein and lipid synthesis and membrane production. Once synthesized, proteins travel through the cell and the various membranes to reach their final destination. But how? Vesicles transport everything through vesicular transportation. However, sometimes the vesicles, which are relaying the information between organelles within the cells, are intercepted by large molecules such as phagosomes. One type of bacteria, Legionella pneumophila, which utilizes phagosomes for reproductive purposes, was examined by Kagan and Roy (2002) in their experiment. They questioned how the bacteria spread within the cell, why it could create a new organelle, and under what conditions this organelle would be created. They hypothesized that Legionella pneumophila containing phagosomes (LCP) have 2 phases of maturation and this maturation allows for the replication of LCP infected cells within an organism.

Proteins play a part in every cellular activity and must fold into proper three dimensional configurations, or native state, to execute their intended functions. Proteomic stressors such as chemical exposure or elevated temperature can inhibit protein folding upsetting protein homeostasis and resulting in cell death and human disease (Broadley 2009). Excessive protein misfolding can lead to amyloid fibrillar aggregates which deposit around brain neurons contributing to the development or progression of neurodegenerative disorders: Alzheimer’s disease, Huntington’s disease and Parkinson’s disease are all fundamentally diseases of protein misfolding (Soto 2003, Hartl 2009).

Protein and carbohydrates are both macronutrients required for health reasons. But which one of these macronutrients before a run affects running performance more favorably? Most people recognize protein as something that helps build stronger muscles. But is that the only thing that protein helps with? Carbohydrates which are also called sugar is stored as glycogen in the muscles and comes from healthy (fruit) and unhealthy (candy) places. Researchers were curious to know, what macro-nutrient has a more favorable effect on running, protein or carbohydrate (sugar)? People can improve their running by improving their diet.