Protein Inside The Human Body

instructions for the cells to make certain proteins. These proteins are then used as a blueprint for

Proteins are made of amino acids, which are compounds built around a central carbon atom. Amino acids then join together through dehydration reactions. These are called peptide bonds. Many amino acids joined together are called polypeptides. A polypeptide becomes a protein when it folds into a three dimensional structure. This is the primary structure of a protein. The next structure in the hierarchy is the secondary structure. Secondary structures can either form alpha helixes, where an amino acid sequence forces the polypeptide to twist into a helical shape; or beta sheets, where an amino acid sequence forces the polypeptide into a zigzag shape. In the tertiary structure, the polypeptide folds several times on itself to form a more complex three dimensional shape. A quaternary structure is when two tertiary structures interact with each other. This is when a protein becomes a functional

Proteins are polymeric chains that are built from monomers called amino acids. All structural and functional properties of proteins derive from the chemical properties of the polypeptide chain. There are four levels of protein structural organization: primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary. Primary structure is defined as the linear sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain. The secondary structure refers to certain regular geometric figures of the chain. Tertiary structure results from long-range contacts within the chain. The quaternary structure is the organization of protein subunits, or two or more independent polypeptide chains.

This assignment will outline the function of proteins in living organisms and the important roles of different types of protein. “Protein composes 10-30% of cell mass and is the basic structural material of the body” (Marieb E.N.M et al, 2004). Protein is a nutrient that living organisms need to exist and grow, as well as water being a key feature. “All protein contains carbon, oxygen, hydrogen and nitrogen” (Marieb E.N.M et al, 2004). Amino acids form links of 20, “The sequences at which they are bound together produces proteins that vary widely in both structure and function” (Marieb E.N.M et al, 2004).

Most proteins have a primary, secondary and tertiary structure, but some of them, like hemoglobin, also have a quaternary structure. The primary structure of a protein is represented by the ordered succession of its amino acids held together by covalent bonds. While in nature amino acids may possess either the D or L configuration, amino acids within

Proteins can be described according to their large range of functions. The first function is antibodies. Proteins formed antibodies that help prevent infection or disease in the body. They often work in conjunction with the other immune system cells. For example, these antibodies identify and then surround antigens in order to keep them contained until they can be destroyed by white blood cells. The next function is enzymes. Enzymes carry almost thousands of chemical reactions that place in the cells. They assist with the formation of new molecules by reading the genetic information of the DNA. The third function is transport of molecules. This is a major element in the transport of specific molecules. For example, the haemoglobin is a protein

These protein macromolecules consist of a sequence of amino acids and are 3D because of the quaternary structure. Primary structure, like all proteins or polypeptides, includes a sequence of particular amino acids, which is established by certain genes in DNA, linked together by peptide bonds in the linear chain. The second structure is due to Hydrogen bonds between amino groups (NH2) and carboxyl (COOH) group. Consequently, the chain folds upon itself and forms α-helix or β-sheet. Therefore, a protein can fold even further, getting itself a three-dimensional structure.

Proteins are one of the four main macromolecules in biology. Protein are made of amino acids, where there are a total of 20 distinct ones with different polarity. Proteins has a start, an N- terminus, and an end, C- terminus. The N- terminus is compose of amines (NH2) and the C- terminus is compose of the carboxyl group (-COOH). The building blocks are linked via a peptide bond, also known as amide bond, via condensation reaction. This macromolecule (proteins) has many function and “are responsible for nearly every task of cellular life, including cell shape and inner organization, product manufacture and waste cleanup, and routine maintenance” (http://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/protein-function-14123348).

Proteins are important as they function as enzymes, which are specific and increase the rate of chemical reactions. They are involved in the metabolism and are involved in the creation production of DNA.(Bairoch 2000) Many proteins are involved in the process of cell signaling and transportation of molecules for example ferritin which gathers iron for storage in the liver is a protein. Antibodies which help to prevent infection, illness are made from protein. They bind antigens and destroy them. Hormones are such as insulin is crucial for the regulation of glucose in the body and parathormone is important for bone remodeling. These hormones are created by proteins in the body. Proteins are important for the development, maintaining and repair of body tissues and are the building blocks for organs, muscles, skin and hair. They make up the cytoskeleton which gives cells their shape and size.

Proteins are built inside of cells using DNA. DNA is located in the nucleus of ever eukaryotic cell and is stored in chromosomes. DNA starts out all messy like a bowl of spaghetti, but then begin to tighten up and form chromosomes.

In the world of protein you will find that there are 4 primary types available with each having its own unique set of benefits and problems. Below, I am going to discuss the different types and how they should and shouldn't be used.

How are proteins made? Where is the birth of proteins take place? It all starts with DNA. DNA is genetic information found in the nucleus of a cell. The first stage in order to make DNA is sending a RNA call mRNA (also known as messenger RNA). This RNA is can fit through pores from the cell’s walls, but DNA can’t because it is too big to fit in the pores, but RNA is small enough to fit through the pores. In the DNA strand there are nitrogen bases and three nitrogen bases in that strand are called DNA triplets, or also known as codon. One DNA is broken into two strands and the mRNA copies that strand of DNA. The mRNA copies all the codons into anti-codons. This process is called transcription; copying a strand of DNA. The mRNA is now going to

All cells function through the proteins. Protein synthesis involves two steps: transcription and translation. During the transcription phase the information encoded in DNA is taken and encodes it to messenger RNA (mRNA) which is smaller than DNA so it can come out of the cells nucleus into the cytoplasm. In transcription the DNA is transcribed to mRNA which is one strand of the double stranded DNA. In the translation phase the mRNA works with a ribosome and transfer RNA (tRNA) to synthesise proteins and occurs in the cytoplasm. The tRNA translates the nucleotide sequence of mRNA to the specific amino acid sequence. These amino acid sequences join together to form a

A protein is made from a chain of 20 amino acids, which is called polypeptides. As the biologic workhorses, proteins perform vital functions in every cell.

Protein is one of the major components of the human diet. It helps the body build tissue, muscle, red blood cells, enzymes, antibodies, and hormones.