Protein Link Essay

3a. Body more than five times as long as broad; front edge of dorsal fin far

Cellular respiration: C6H12O6  +  6O2 →  6CO2  +  6 H2O  +  36 or 38 ATP

Since children lack the HEXA-A gene it causes progressive damage and eventually the nervous system will shut down because it can no longer produce vital neurons needed to function the nervous system and life. Beta-hexosamindinidase is located in the lysosomes, which are structures in cells that act as recycling centers and breaking down the toxic substance. Beta-hexosamidnidase role is toxic and fatty substances called GM2 ganglioside. If the gangliosides become overpowering or too much, can cause destruction of the neurons. The excessive storage of the gangliosides in lysosomes is another factor that causes Tay-Sachs. Tay-Sachs occurs usually when the individual lacks the protein hexosamindinidase A and defected and alterations on chromosome 15 (specifically 15q23-q24). More than 50 mutations having been discovered on chromosome 15 and HEXA-A enzyme. The mutation can vary as in deletion, insertion, and splitting in which each mutation alters the protein. The mutation and disorder cause a decrease in enzymes activity. The severity of the disorder depends on the degree of the enzyme activity and deficiency. For example, one mutation includes, the mutation includes a G-to-T substitution at the 3-inch end of intron 5, which makes a short mRNA. Then skipping exon 6 and the polypeptide lacking 34 amino acids. (Tanaka

DNA is a term that has been used in science as well as in many parts of daily

A highly conserved gene will be used to identify a prokaryotic species isolated from the body. Fundamental lab techniques will be also explored and utilized, such as amplifying using PCR, cloning, and transforming the gene into a host cell. DNA electrophoresis and specific substrate plating will serve as analysis check points. The final product will be sequenced and compared to similar species to observe phylogenetic relationships.

Proteins are polymeric chains that are built from monomers called amino acids. All structural and functional properties of proteins derive from the chemical properties of the polypeptide chain. There are four levels of protein structural organization: primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary. Primary structure is defined as the linear sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain. The secondary structure refers to certain regular geometric figures of the chain. Tertiary structure results from long-range contacts within the chain. The quaternary structure is the organization of protein subunits, or two or more independent polypeptide chains.

Mutations in the POLG gene are related with several mitochondrial diseases, plus Alpers' disease, ataxia-neuropathy disorders, and dominant and recessive types of progressive external ophthalmalgia. An example of the effects of Alpers was an infant was born with a normal birth with no complications. His weight was 8 pounds, the normal weight for a newborn baby. Everything was going well his first 18 months; he was crawling, walking, and even spoke at 12 months. But when he around 19 months old, he experienced anorexia, diarrhea, and vomiting. This was due to lethargy and being hypertonic. He had elevations in liver transaminases and at 30 months developed seizures. He was unable to talk and lost ability to walk at 38 months. After several more

Protein Synthesis Protein Synthesis is the process whereby DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) codes for the production of essential proteins, such as enzymes and hormones. Proteins are long chains of molecules called amino acids. Different proteins are made by using different sequences and varying numbers of amino acids. The smallest protein consists of fifty amino acids and the largest is about three thousand amino acids long. Protein synthesis occurs on ribosomes in the cytoplasm of a cell but is controlled by DNA located in the nucleus.

The Functions of Proteins Introduction Protein accounts for about three-fourths of the dry matter in human tissues other than fat and bone. It is a major structural component of hair, skin, nails, connective tissues, and body organs. It is required for practically every essential function in the body. Proteins are made from the following elements; carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and often sulphur and phosphorus.

Since we know that movement is of utmost importance for the human species, it becomes of particular interest to scientists to study how movement is limited. Unfortunately, there are a large number of diseases that do exactly that. The most common ones include Parkinson’s Disease, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, and Huntington’s Disease. These diseases all have a common overlap, in that each involve neurodegeneration, the eventual loss of neurons. One neurodegenerative disease that is of particular interest to me is the family known as Spinocerebellar ataxias, or SCAs. Spinocerebellar ataxia is characterized primarily by the “progressive loss of cerebellar neurons” (Wikipedia, 2014). There

Enzymes are an important part of all metabolic reactions in the body. They are catalytic proteins, able to increase the rate of a reaction, without being consumed in the process of doing so (Campbell 96). This allows the enzyme to be used again in another reaction. Enzymes speed up reactions by lowering the activation energy, the energy needed to break the chemical bonds between reactants allowing them to combine with other substances and form products (Campbell 100). In this experiment the enzyme used was acid phosphates (ACP), and the substrate was p-nitrophenyl phosphate.

Friedreich ataxia (FRDA; OMIM 229300) is a progressive autosomal recessive hereditary disorder, with normal age of onset in childhood or adolescence, mainly caused by spinocerebellar degeneration. FRDA is the commonest hereditary ataxia, accounting for approximately half of all inherited ataxias. It is recognized as a rare disease with a prevalence of 1-2 per 100,000 individuals. The carrier rate was initially reported to be 1:110 in the USA and UK, but lower in Far-East Asian and sub-Saharan African societies. However, accessibility to molecular diagnostic techniques has helped to identify affected individuals and carriers more precisely, so that the estimated incidence has now increased to 1:30,000 persons and the estimated carrier rate is

Campbell and Farrell define proteins as polymers of amino acids that have been covalently joined through peptide bonds to form amino acid chains (61). A short amino acid chain comprising of thirty amino acids forms a peptide, and a longer chain of amino acids forms a polypeptide or a protein. Each of the amino acids making up a protein, has a fundamental design that comprises of a central carbon or alpha carbon that is bonded to a hydrogen element, an amino grouping, a carboxyl grouping, and a unique side chain or the R-group (Campbell and Farrell 61).

Furthermore, there were alterations at RNA level in PDAC particularly in micro-RNAs which is non-coding RNAs that regulate expression of numerous

Protein synthesis is one of the most fundamental biological processes. To start off, a protein is made in a ribosome. There are many cellular mechanisms involved with protein synthesis. Before the process of protein synthesis can be described, a person must know what proteins are made out of. There are four basic levels of protein organization. The first is primary structure, followed by secondary structure, then tertiary structure, and the last level is quaternary structure. Once someone understands the makeup of a protein, they can then begin to learn how elements can combine and go from genes to protein. There are two main processes that occur during protein synthesis, or peptide formation. One is transcription and