Protein Synthesis Essay

We will not go through the process here, but as an illustration of this “alternate splicing”, remove codons (beads) 52 - 66 from your sentence above.

2) The mRNA exits through the pores in the nuclear envelope and travels to the cytoplasm, where it then binds to ribosomes.

• *What is the purpose of Protein Synthesis? What are the major stages of the protein synthesis reaction? What major events occur in each stage? Reference Table 4.3.

It is also composed of poring proteins: can regulate molecules entering or leaving the cell.

They are very important in the synthesis and packaging of proteins. Some of those proteins might be used in the cell and some are sent out. The ribosomes are attached to the membrane of the ER. As the ribosomes builds the amino acid chain, the chain is pushed into the ER. When the protein is complete, the rough ER pinches off a vesicle. That vesicle, a small membrane bubble, can move to the cell membrane or the Golgi apparatus

The body has two faces, the cis face which fuses with incoming transport vesicles, and the trans face which excretes the secretory vesicles. The cis face fuses with vesicles coming from the ER effectively from many directions due to its convex shape, whereas the concave trans face can direct the secretory vesicles to their destination. When fusing with the cis face, the transport vesicles release their proteins to be absorbed for modification. Each cisternal layer of the Golgi body holds different enzymes which each modify the passing proteins in separate ways. Between the layers the proteins are moved through the gaps by small vesicles. When a protein has been modified correctly, it leaves the Golgi body via secretory vesicles which then carry the modified proteins to the cell membrane or another organelle. The proteins that are transported to the cell membrane are either excreted from the cell, or absorbed into the membrane to aid with its function. Some of the secretory vesicles which hold hydrolytic enzymes stay within the cytoplasm and function as lysosomes.

The endoplasmic reticulum is specialised for protein processing and lipid biosynthesis. One of its primary functions is to regulate the ionic concentration in the cytoplasm via the movement of Ca2+, via ionic pumps and channels. It also contains enzymes responsible for the metabolising of drugs. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) can come in two forms. As depicted in Fig. 2 Rough ER has ribosomes present as part of the membrane of the organelle, and together with these ribosomes takes polypeptides and amino acids from the cytosol and synthesises proteins destined for attachment to cell membranes. It is in the lumen of the rough ER that the proteins are folded into the specific three dimensional shapes that are so important for biochemical recognition and linking sites [6]. It is called rough because of the presence of ribosomes makes the surface of the membrane look rough, unlike smooth ER, which lacks the ribosomes so the membrane looks smooth. Rough ER is composed of a large but convoluted flattened sac. The main function of the smooth ER is the production of lipids and the metabolism of compounds (such as the breakdown of glycogen into glucose). Because of the different functions between the rough and smooth ER, different specialised cells will have different amounts of each; for example, hepatic

D. An original diagram, that demonstrates how a peptide bond is broken through hydrolysis, using a complete chemical equation.

There are two types of Endoplasmic Reticulum the Smooth ER and the Rough ER. you can distinguish that both of the ER’s are different to each other, this is shown in the diagram above that one is smooth ER and the other is rough ER the rough ER has ribsomes attracted to it while the smooth ER does not have ribosomes attached to it. The two ER’s have different function to each other.

These proteins differ depending on their function in the cell, but often prevent misfolding of nascent protein, and assist in refolding of the misfolded proteins. Protein folding is dependent on the amino acid sequence within the polypeptide chain that is synthesized from the DNA strand in the ribosome.2 Upon release from the ribosome, the polypeptide chain undergoes a series of conformational changes based on the amino acid sequence to produce a functional protein structure. The assembled native protein is directed to the ER via vesicle

This assignment will outline the function of proteins in living organisms and the important roles of different types of protein. “Protein composes 10-30% of cell mass and is the basic structural material of the body” (Marieb E.N.M et al, 2004). Protein is a nutrient that living organisms need to exist and grow, as well as water being a key feature. “All protein contains carbon, oxygen, hydrogen and nitrogen” (Marieb E.N.M et al, 2004). Amino acids form links of 20, “The sequences at which they are bound together produces proteins that vary widely in both structure and function” (Marieb E.N.M et al, 2004).

Campbell and Farrell define proteins as polymers of amino acids that have been covalently joined through peptide bonds to form amino acid chains (61). A short amino acid chain comprising of thirty amino acids forms a peptide, and a longer chain of amino acids forms a polypeptide or a protein. Each of the amino acids making up a protein, has a fundamental design that comprises of a central carbon or alpha carbon that is bonded to a hydrogen element, an amino grouping, a carboxyl grouping, and a unique side chain or the R-group (Campbell and Farrell 61).

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an essential organelle that is a major place for the biogenesis of cellular components including proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates and internal calcium storage. ER is primarily responsible for protein translocation, protein folding and protein post modification. Proper folding of protein in the ER is accomplished with the aid of ER resident proteins or enzymes such as chaperones. Binding of chaperones to

Protein synthesis is one of the most fundamental biological processes. To start off, a protein is made in a ribosome. There are many cellular mechanisms involved with protein synthesis. Before the process of protein synthesis can be described, a person must know what proteins are made out of. There are four basic levels of protein organization. The first is primary structure, followed by secondary structure, then tertiary structure, and the last level is quaternary structure. Once someone understands the makeup of a protein, they can then begin to learn how elements can combine and go from genes to protein. There are two main processes that occur during protein synthesis, or peptide formation. One is transcription and

Protein Synthesis Protein Synthesis is the process whereby DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) codes for the production of essential proteins, such as enzymes and hormones. Proteins are long chains of molecules called amino acids. Different proteins are made by using different sequences and varying numbers of amino acids. The smallest protein consists of fifty amino acids and the largest is about three thousand amino acids long. Protein synthesis occurs on ribosomes in the cytoplasm of a cell but is controlled by DNA located in the nucleus.