Protein Synthesis Lab Report

A Matching—Nucleotides: DNA and RNA 1. A 2. F 3. D 4. C 5.

Translation is a task that makes ribosomes synthesize proteins utilizing mRNA transcript made during transcription. In the begining of this task mRNA attaches it self to a ribosome so that it can be reveal a codon (three nucleotides).

3) As a ribosome moves along the mRNA, the genetic message is translated into a protein with a specific amino acid sequence.

• *What is the purpose of Protein Synthesis? What are the major stages of the protein synthesis reaction? What major events occur in each stage? Reference Table 4.3.

PURPOSE The determine the effect of temperature on the speed and intensity of the luminol chemiluminescence reaction. HYPOTHESES Null: If the temperature the reaction occurs at is increased, then the speed and intensity of the reaction will not be increased.

Women have been battling for their rights since before the colonization of America. Whether they be the right to vote or simply the right to sit down, the issues the female gender has dealt with have rarely afflicted white men. Sexism is caused by social pressure and insecurities, harbored by both men and women; it can originate within the mind of any group of people and creates unnecessary tensions between sexes. The sexism integral to The Scarlet Letter, by Nathaniel Hawthorne, manifests itself in the whole community and contributes to the completion of Hester’s harsh fate.

Proteins are polymeric chains that are built from monomers called amino acids. All structural and functional properties of proteins derive from the chemical properties of the polypeptide chain. There are four levels of protein structural organization: primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary. Primary structure is defined as the linear sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain. The secondary structure refers to certain regular geometric figures of the chain. Tertiary structure results from long-range contacts within the chain. The quaternary structure is the organization of protein subunits, or two or more independent polypeptide chains.

*translation essentially is the conversion of a sequence of genetic bases on messenger RNA into an amino acid. 7. The protein becomes folded as it leaves the ribosome. This allows the protein to carry out a particular function.

There are many steps to make polypeptides. Polypeptides are the many bonds between amino acids.Amino acids are originally found in tRNA and also in proteins. tRNA is the other strand of RNA that bonds with the other nucleotide bases. Polypeptides also make protiens. Since DNA can't leave the nucleus, mRNA goes inside the nucleus and copies the information from the DNA such as the DNA triplets. It also copies the sequences of DNA know as the genes. DNA triplets are three nitrogen bases such as TAG or GAC. This process is called transcription.

In the play Macbeth written by William Shakespeare, Macbeth and Banquo share various similarities and differences. Shakespeare portrays both men as courageous and loyal to King Duncan as well as contrasts them by their personal ambitions. Few qualities that make them similar and set them apart are their title crowned, their separate prophecies and their attitude. To start off, Macbeth and Banquo are both described as heroic soldiers who earned their title as General in the King Duncan’s army. In the start of Act 1, Macbeth is described by the soldier as a loyal man willing to fight for his country’s

Campbell and Farrell define proteins as polymers of amino acids that have been covalently joined through peptide bonds to form amino acid chains (61). A short amino acid chain comprising of thirty amino acids forms a peptide, and a longer chain of amino acids forms a polypeptide or a protein. Each of the amino acids making up a protein, has a fundamental design that comprises of a central carbon or alpha carbon that is bonded to a hydrogen element, an amino grouping, a carboxyl grouping, and a unique side chain or the R-group (Campbell and Farrell 61).

Transcription is where DNA is transcribed into RNA which then can be pass to the ribosome’s to act as a template for protein synthesis. Before transcription can begin DNA must unwind and the two halves of the molecule much come apart so exposing the base sequence. This process begins when a region of a two DNA strands is unzipped by enzyme called RNA polymerase attaches to the DNA molecule at the imitation site.

Protein synthesis is one of the most fundamental biological processes. To start off, a protein is made in a ribosome. There are many cellular mechanisms involved with protein synthesis. Before the process of protein synthesis can be described, a person must know what proteins are made out of. There are four basic levels of protein organization. The first is primary structure, followed by secondary structure, then tertiary structure, and the last level is quaternary structure. Once someone understands the makeup of a protein, they can then begin to learn how elements can combine and go from genes to protein. There are two main processes that occur during protein synthesis, or peptide formation. One is transcription and

Protein Synthesis Protein Synthesis is the process whereby DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) codes for the production of essential proteins, such as enzymes and hormones. Proteins are long chains of molecules called amino acids. Different proteins are made by using different sequences and varying numbers of amino acids. The smallest protein consists of fifty amino acids and the largest is about three thousand amino acids long. Protein synthesis occurs on ribosomes in the cytoplasm of a cell but is controlled by DNA located in the nucleus.

The second stage of the process is complementary base pairing. In this stage, new complementary nucleotides are positioned following the rules of complementary base pairing: adenine (A) to thymine (T) and guanine (G) to cytosine (C). Then, the binding of free nucleotide with complementary bases is catalyzed by DNA polymerase.