Protein Synthesis and Transcription

Translation is a task that makes ribosomes synthesize proteins utilizing mRNA transcript made during transcription. In the begining of this task mRNA attaches it self to a ribosome so that it can be reveal a codon (three nucleotides).

3) As a ribosome moves along the mRNA, the genetic message is translated into a protein with a specific amino acid sequence.

Transcription is the formation of an RNA strand from a DNA template within the nucleus of a cell. There are four nucleotides of DNA. These are adenine, cytosine, guanine and thymine. These nucleotides are transcribed to form messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) consisting of nucleotides made of adenine, cytosine, guanine and uracil. This transcription from DNA to mRNA happens by an RNA polymerase II. This newly created mRNA is read in the 5' to 3' direction in sets of 3. These sets are called codons. Each mRNA also has a cap and end. On the 5 prime side is a methylated guanine triphosphate and on the 3 prime is a poly A tail. Messenger RNA then moves to the cells cytoplasm and through the cells ribosomes for translation. Messenger RNA is matched to molecules of transfer RNA (tRNA) in the ribosomes to create amino acids. These amino acids subsequently form an amino acid chain. (Osuri, 2003) A visual representation of this can been viewed in figure 3.

After the DNA has been turned into mRNA a process called translation occurs and it turns the mRNA into tRNA.

translation begins with the reading of the first triplet. Small tRNA molecules bring in the

At the end of this unit, students will be able to use the terms DNA, RNA, protein, and nucleotide when it comes to protein synthesis. They will be able to explain how transcription and translation are processes of protein synthesis. They will be able to use genetic code table to translate an RNA sequence into an amino acid sequence. Students will be able to demonstrate their understanding of the Central Dogma. They will be able to describe the semi-conservative nature of DNA replication. They will be able to explain how a change in the DNA sequence code can alter protein function.

Transcription is a process in which genetic information from DNA is encoded onto messenger RNA, by unwinding the DNA and splicing exons and introns and coding them onto the mRNA so the DNA itself is not used directly. Translation is a process by which ribosomes reads the mRNA to determine the amino acid sequence of the protein.

Racism is defined as a belief that all members of each race possess characteristics or abilities specific to that race, especially so as to distinguish it as inferior or superior to another race. Racism is prevalent throughout the entire novel, but catches the readers’ attention when Tom Robinsons is accused of rape. Throughout the entire novel Harper puts Scout into situations where she gets to experience racism first hand. Scout is very interested in their black employee Calpurnia, and even attends church with her once. Scout also sees just how prevalent racism is when she finds out that Mr. Raymond pretends to be a drunk so that people do not question his decision to marry a black woman.

Proteins are primarily considered to have one primary function to serve its role in an organism, however studies have observed to have multiple functioning proteins known as moonlighting proteins (Khan et al. 2014). Moonlighting proteins along with primary functions, have secondary functions that are not related to the primary function and does not correlate to the primary or other functions (Khan et al. 2014). The multifunctional proteins play essential roles in carrying out biochemical functions which aids in the cell growth but are not caused by gene fusion and multiple RNA splice variants (Amblee et al. 2015). The discovery of moonlighting proteins was first discovered by Piatigorsky and Wistow while observing crystallins (Khan et al. 2014). Crystallins, are structural proteins that are found in the eye lens that exhibit enzymatic activity to make the lens itself (Khan et al. 2014). Crystallin has a primary function to help form the lens of the eye by acting as a structural protein (Amblee et al. 2015). Besides enzymatic activity, crystallin was observed in other mammals to have secondary functions such as metabolic functions which are helpful in prokaryotic (Khan et al 2014). Most moonlighting proteins are characterized as cytosolic enzymes and chaperons, or in other words helping proteins (Amblee et al 2015). The multifunctional proteins or moonlighting proteins can also be identified as receptors, channel proteins and ribosomal proteins (Khan et al. 2014). Due to the

Transcription is where DNA is transcribed into RNA which then can be pass to the ribosome’s to act as a template for protein synthesis. Before transcription can begin DNA must unwind and the two halves of the molecule much come apart so exposing the base sequence. This process begins when a region of a two DNA strands is unzipped by enzyme called RNA polymerase attaches to the DNA molecule at the imitation site.

Many famous world leaders have used fear as a tactic to control their citizens. This use of fear is prominent during the Russian Revolution when there was an extremely corrupt government which corrupted its people. Animal Farm also shows the impact of a leader that uses their power to bring fear upon their citizens. Fear is something that allows others to be taken control over by those with more power than them. People with immense power abuse it by bringing distress upon on others which allows them to control people’s actions.

Protein synthesis is one of the most fundamental biological processes. To start off, a protein is made in a ribosome. There are many cellular mechanisms involved with protein synthesis. Before the process of protein synthesis can be described, a person must know what proteins are made out of. There are four basic levels of protein organization. The first is primary structure, followed by secondary structure, then tertiary structure, and the last level is quaternary structure. Once someone understands the makeup of a protein, they can then begin to learn how elements can combine and go from genes to protein. There are two main processes that occur during protein synthesis, or peptide formation. One is transcription and

The African Civilization posses several concepts that are misinterpreted by other people. The book, “Things Fall Apart” by China Achebe defines the African civilization, the culture, and the impact of their colony. At the start of the book, the character Okonkwo is introduced. He is a strong man who possesses wealth in the Umuofia clan. Okonkwo is afraid of weakness because it resembles women and creates a memory of his father.

Protein synthesis is a two-part process that involves a second type of nucleic acid along with DNA. This second type of nucleic acid is RNA, ribonucleic acid.

One of the fundamental discoveries of the 20th century was that DNA was the genetic code’s physical structure (Watson & Crick, 1953) and, since then, many studies have disclosed the complicated pattern of regulation and expression of genes, which involve RNA synthesis and its subsequent translation into proteins.