Protestant Reformation Research Paper

Ignatius of Loyola: Ignatius of Loyola was a Spanish knight from a local noble family , hermit, priest since 1537, and theologian who founded the Society of Jesus (Jesuits), and on April 19, 1541 became the first Superior General.

The Protestant Reformation was a major 16th century European movement aimed initially at reforming the beliefs and practices of the Roman Catholic Church. The Reformation in western and central Europe officially began in 1517 with Martin Luther and his 95 Theses. This was a debate over the Christian religion. At the time there was a difference in power. Roman Catholicism stands with the Pope as central and appointed by God. Luther’s arguments referred to a direct relationship with God and using the local vernacular to speak to the people. Luther’s arguments remove the absolute power from the Pope and the Roman Catholic Church in general. The revenue from the taxes paid to the Church would be reduced with Luther’s ideas, in part because of

The Protestant Reformation was a pivotal time of European history that occurred during the 16th century. The Protestant Reformation was comprised of people called “reformers” that challenged papal authority and questioned the Catholic Church’s ability to define Christian practice (“The Reformation”). The Protestant Reformation was revolutionary due to the fact that the reformers preached against everything the Catholic Church had been teaching. Some famous reformers are John Calvin and Martin Luther. However, Martin Luther-- to some--- is named the most successful and influential reformer of the 16th century. Martin Luther was tremendously effective and influential due to how resourceful he was, and his teachings spread across Europe swiftly.

In the 16th century intellectual, religious, cultural, and political views divided Catholic Europe and caused the Protestant Reformation. The way things turned out still effect and determine the structures and beliefs to this day. People like John Calvin, Henry VIII, and Martin Luther challenged the Catholic Church on how it delivers Christian views. They disagreed on how the religious and political power was being distributed into the hands of the Bible. The argument began wars, persecutions and a Counter Reformation. Most historians usually believe that the start of the Protestant Reformation was around 1517 when Martin Luther published “95 Theses”. The ending is anywhere from 1555 which would allow the coexistence of Catholicism

The Protestant Reformation was the 16th-century religious, political, intellectual and cultural upheaval that splintered Catholic Europe, setting in place the structures and beliefs that would define the continent in the modern era.

The protestant reformation was a significant turning point during the 16th century that completely revolutionized the Roman Catholic Church. The “reformation” was launched in 1517 when a German monk by the name of Martin Luther posted his “95 Theses” on the door of Castle Church in Wittenberg. The main ideas of this publication was that selling and buying indulgences was wrong and that the pope has no power over purgatory. These 95 revolutionary opinions formed the basis for the protestant reformation which revolutionized western civilization over the next three centuries. Although most people believe these reforms only affected religion, the reformation also impacted political life. Politics played an enormous role in the reformation due to the fact that political rulers wanted to extend their power and control using the church. Throughout the course of the protestant reformation, political authorities such as Emperor Charles V and Henry

1. The Protestant Reformation affected England the reign of Henry VIII in a plethora of ways. The Protestant Reformation was a huge European movement in the 16th century intended to change the beliefs of the Roman Catholic Church. (The Protestant Reformation) Henry VIII wanted to make the land and tax money belong to the Church of England.

The protestant reformation happened at the moment that it did because the Catholic Church was very a powerful force in Europe. It controlled people lives both spiritually and temporally. The church had so much power that it maintained political control over a large portion of Italy. The fact that the church held so much control over countries and governments became a point of contention among European countries such as the Holy Roman Empire, Italian city-states outside of Rome, England, France and Spain. The power of the rulers of these areas had greatly increased in the 14th century and they were eager to take the chances offered by a Reformation to weaken the grip of the Catholic Church in Europe and also to develop their own powers across the European continent. For quite some time the Catholic Church had been an institution rampant with internal struggles. Such as the Avignon Papacy from 1309 to 1377 when seven popes opted to live in Avignon, France and not reside in Rome which was and is the traditional home of the Papacy. The Pope and other high ranking church officials often lived opulent lifestyles rather than a more austere lifestyle that should befit a spiritual leader. Many church leaders and Popes maintained political powers. They led armies, waged wars and made many political decisions. Church offices were sold, and many Popes and bishops practiced nepotism to fill church offices. With all of these worldly issues for the Pope

Ignatius is introduced to us as a obnoxious and gruesome character “A green hunting cap squeezed the top of the fleshy balloon of a head. The green earflaps, full of large ears and uncut hair and the fine bristles that grew in the ears themselves, stuck out on either side like turn signals indicating two directions at once”(Toole, John Kennedy, 1). John Kennedy is not trying to impress us with Ignatius. He is giving us a fantastic, complex character with radical ideas. Every sense of his character is an attempt to show us what not to do. He is unlikable and disgusting yet he judges other people, Ignatius 's appearance is a symbol for what lies beneath,his taste in clothing hints at his care for his own comfort which he seems to care about more than anything else except for his ego. Ignatius does not change throughout the story. This however, is not due to his incapability to change, he is simply not willing to change and he blames “Fortuna!” on every turn. His unwillingness to change is best said by himself when he“The book teaches us to accept that which we cannot change. It describes the plight of a just man in an unjust society. It is the very basis for medieval thought.”(Toole, John

he Reformation fragmented the unity of the Roman Catholicism matrix, as the emergence of a new confessional church undermined the traditional religious identity. Martin Luther pioneered a movement in which he critiqued church corruption by posting his 95 theses on the door of a Roman Catholic church in Wittenberg, Germany in 1517. Luther critiqued the Catholic church practices but not the institution in order to save the church's credibility. This event sparked a series of attitudes and actions that divided Europe through the Reformation. This religious movement redetermined the relationship of religion with society as several distinct ecclesiastical systems formed firstly in Germany and then the whole of Europe.

14. The Protestant Old Testament does not include the books of the Apocrypha because they have Jewish origins that preceded Christianity, which will not be the case with the Pseudepigrapha (Tullock & McEntire, 2006, p. 356). Books not included in the Jewish, and Protestant canons, but that are in the Catholic, and Orthodox canons, may be described as; additions to or extensions of biblical books, apocalyptic literature, short stories or novellas focusing on Jewish piety, wisdom literature, and historical/narrative books.

The Protestant Reformation and European expansion have both left political, social and economic impacts throughout history. The Protestant Reformation which was started in the 1500’s, by a Catholic man named Martin Luther caused political instability and fragmented the Holy Roman Empire. It economically caused the church to go bankrupt and socially allowed for the rise of individualism among the people; Luther gave the people of Europe the long needed reason to break free of the church. The Protestant Reformation and the need for new converts lead to the rise of European expansion. European expansion into the west resulted in a political increase of power for Europe, the social increase in slavery, disease and racism, as well as the

Saint Ignatius of Loyola was born in the year 1491. The exact month and day of his birth is not known. He was one of thirteen children. He was born into a very noble family. He was a gambling addict by the age of sixteen. When he was just seventeen years old, he became a soldier in the Spanish Army. In 1521 during a battle with the French, a cannonball broke on of his legs, and severely injured the other. The broken leg had to be broken again in order to fully repair it, and there was a bone in the other leg that was sticking out, making it shorter than the other. He ordered the doctors to remove the bone to make his legs the same length. This was all done without any anesthesia to numb the pain. The wounds from the cannonball impaired his ability to walk for the rest of his life. While he was recovering from the wounds, he would think of the women of his dreams and of being famous. To avoid boredom, he read a book titled The Life of Christ. This would be the start of Saint Ignatius’ conversion. This book by Ludolph of Saxony asks the reader to imagine that they are witnessing the stories in the Gospels. This would be the main influence for the approach that Saint Ignatius uses in his Spiritual Exercises. He realized that after he was done thinking of his dream woman and of being famous that he felt empty, but after thinking of the Jesus and the saints, he felt fulfilled.

St. Ignatius lived his life in vain. He was too concerned with his outward appearance, and his reputation among others. In battle, his legs were badly injured. Even through the excruciating pain, he made an effort to show no outer sign of discomfort. When his legs had healed, one leg was left with an unsightly misconfiguration from the healing of the bones. He underwent another, even more, painful surgery to fix his outer appearance. During his long recovery, St. Ignatius read about the life of Christ and the saints. As he learned more about the holy lives of the saints, St. Ignatius was converted and was determined to live a life the way Christ and the saints did.

Ignatius Loyola in his Spiritual Exercises promotes our capacity, through our prayers, to hear Christ’s voice and to use our senses to feel and experience His presence. Smith says, “Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius Loyola is very focus on Jesus – or, more specifically, on the Jesus story: his birth, life, death and resurrection. In prayer and through the guidance of the Exercises, we are drawn into the Jesus story so that our lives