Proton Pump Inhibitors Research Paper

Proton pump inhibitors are given to decrease the risk for stress ulcers in critically ill patients.

Introduction: This experiment is going to test the ability of antacids and how they absorb acid to see which is a better buffer. An antacid neutralizes acid, and this helps the most with heartburn. Heartburn is where stomach acid is regurgitated back into the esophagus, and this causes a burning feeling in the chest (Oxford University Press, 2017). A buffer is a source of hydroxide ions that can absorb hydrogen ions, which in turn keeps the pH stable (Mader, 2017). In this experiment, the different antacids that are being tested to absorb the hydrogen ions from stomach acid are the buffers. The pH scale helps determine how acidic or basic a solution

2 Patients must demonstrate no response to acid suppression (high-dose PPI for 6-8 weeks), while symptoms should improve with dietary eliminations and/or corticosteroids. Esophageal biopsy must demonstrate at least 15 eosinophils/high-power field and normal mucosa in the stomach and duodenum, and other causes of esophageal eosinophilia must be excluded. 2 Of note, there is a subgroup of patients with PPI-responsive eosinophilia. In this group, GERD is excluded but histopathology demonstrates eosinophil-predominant inflammation. Less is known regarding this condition and treatments for this subgroup.

Triple therapy with metronidazole and either bismuth subsalicylate or bismuth subcitrate plus either amoxicillin or tetracycline for 14 days eradicates H pylori infection in 70–95% of patients. An acid-suppressing agent given for 4–6 weeks enhances ulcer healing. Proton pump inhibitors (such as omeprazole) directly inhibit H pylori and appear to be potent urease inhibitors. Either 1 week of a proton pump inhibitor plus amoxicillin and clarithromycin or of amoxicillin plus metronidazole also is highly effective [51].

Urinary excretion is the major route of pramipexole elimination, with 90% of a pramipexole dose recovered in urine, almost all as unchanged drug. Nonrenal routes may contribute to a small extent to pramipexole elimination, although no metabolites have been identified in plasma or urine. The renal clearance of pramipexole is approximately 400 mL/min (CV=25%), approximately three times higher than the glomerular filtration rate. Thus, pramipexole is secreted by the renal tubules, probably by the organic cation transport

Mechanics of action: The mechanics of the actions for this drug is to relax the muscles around your airways.

Description/Synopsis: Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are used for the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and Laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) due to their potential to inhibit gastric acid production. Unfortunately, high doses of PPIs are associated with adverse health outcomes. The use of PPIs has been shown to affect the absorption of minerals and vitamin-like calcium, iron and vitamin B12. Not only the risk of other severe conditions like hyperparathyroidism, diarrhea and pneumonia increases upon the long-term use of PPIs but the negative effects also extend to coronary heart disease and atherosclerotic diseases. PPIs reduce the efficacy of the drug clopidogrel which inhibits platelet activation thereby contributing to coronary heart disease and myocardial

Gastroesophageal reflux disease is characterized by a variety of symptoms, including the common “heartburn” and acid regurgitation, as well as the not so common chest pain (unrelated to the heart), chronic cough, hoarseness, and throat irritation. It is more familiarly known as GERD and is one of the most common chronic and rapidly growing diseases of today; yet, the underlying cause is still unclear. There seem to be many different theories on what causes GERD, but the most common treatment is the Proton Pump Inhibitor (PPI).

Hydromorphone, also known as Dilaudid, is an opioid agonist analgesic. This drug produces “analgesia, euphoria, and sedation” (Karch, 2015, p. 608). It is used to treat moderate to severe pain in patients who have uncontrolled, chronic, and post-operative pain. Hydromorphone is notorious for causing adverse drug events (ADE).

The results show that 1 tablet of Quick-eze is most effective in neutralizing the stomach because the number of moles of HCl reacted with the NaOH is 0.00216 moles (one tablet), which is less than Gaviscon. The number of moles of NaOH that were added from the burette is 0.00327 moles (one tablet of Gaviscon). However, the actual number of moles of calcium carbonate in a Gaviscon tablet is 0.0019 moles, but for Quick-eze, the number of moles is 0.0079 moles (actual amount of base in both tablets). This means that the number of moles added from the burette was more compared to the actual amount, which affects the accuracy of the results. However, these results are somewhat precise because of the minor difference between the experiment results

Gastric corrosive is the key, it discharges this vitamin from the sustenance, permitting it to “join” with specific proteins. Along these lines, if the stomach corrosive is decreased, which will happen on the off chance that you expend an excess of medications (omeprazole), this procedure won’t finish and the Vitamin won’t assimilate into your living being. This impact can bring about numerous wellbeing issues.

Aspirin on its own is acidic and can act upon the stomach and intestines. With this kind of aspirin, the drug is mixed with an agent like calcium carbonate or magnesium oxide to facilitate passage through the stomach

Antacids are taken to neutralize the acid from the stomach (What is GERD?). It is important to note that antacids taken for long periods of time can harm the kidneys by a build up of magnesium in the body and an altered calciummetabolism (What is GERD?). Some other drugs that are also recommended by doctors are H2 blockers which inhibit acid secretion in the stomach. These include Zantac and Pepcid. It is very important to treat this disease because continual acid in the esophagus will lead to other even harmful diseases. If left untreated and acid reflux continues regularly, the patient is at risk for developing other various esophagus disorders such as, ulcers, Barret’s Disease, esophagitis, and esophageal adenocarcinoma (Sonnenberg). According to an article written by Ammon Sonnonberg and Heshem B. El-Serag, esophageal adenocarcinoma causes 2.5 deaths per million people. Often the symptoms of gastroesphageal reflux disease are a poor indicator to the severity of the disease and esophageal condition. A gastrointestinal endoscopy is usually performed to determine the condition of the esophagus (Sonnenberg). This can also be used to check the lower esophageal sphincter

Therefore, somatostatin works inhibiting the acid secretion acting directly in the parietal cell and in that same way blocking the regulation of gastrin and histamine (Washington.edu, n.d.). Additionally, somatostatin can also inhibit other gastrointestinal hormones like vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) and cholecystokinin (CCK) (Utiger, 2011). The clinical use of somatostatin as a drug to reduce the production of gastric acid it is limited due to two critical factors: first, somatostatin has a very short half-life with less than three minutes of action and second, somatostatin can only be produced by the body (Huang, 1997). However, some studies suggest the use of somatostatin analogues in the treatment of reduction of gastric acid. According to Ritz, et al., (1999) Vapreotide, a somatostatin analog was used as testing trial to treat intragastric acidity without positive outcome in the regulation of acidity and mediation of gastrin. Also, they found that Vapreotide can also diminish the contraction of the gallbladder reducing the effects of the biliary functions (Ritz, et al.,

•     Lose weight. Excess weight increases pressure on the stomach and helps push acid in to the esophagus.