Pruriceptive Itch

p.483 The cell bodies of primary-order neurons or pain-transmitting neurons reside in the dorsal root ganglia just lateral to the spine along the sensory pathways that penetrate the posterior part of the cord. The second order neurons are found in the dorsal horn (p.484) Most nociceptive information tranvels by means of ascending columns in the lateral spinothalamic tract (also called the anterolateral funiculus). The principal target for nociceptive afferents is the thalamus (the major relay station of sensory information in general) Third order neurons project to portions of the CNS involved in the processing and interpretation of pain, the chief areas being the reticular and limbic systems and cerebral cortex. (p 484)

Scabies is a contagious skin disease marked by itching and small raised red spots, caused by the mite. Scabies is the result after the mite burrows into the skin. The itching is caused from the body’s allergic reaction to the mites, mite waste, and mite eggs. Scabies is usually spread by skin-to-skin contact with someone who already has scabies (Carey). Sexual contact, or other close contact, like hugging, is most likely the reason it is spread. Scabies can appear in clusters (Stoppler).

When Ms. Zhang first started experiencing itching in the eyes, she thought that it was an infection. She thought the infection was caused by a recent stroke. She became concerned when she noticed something was moving in her eye. Her physician informed her that she did not have an eye infection. The doctor told her that her eyes were infected with lice.

I believe that God commands it because it is already right or wrong. This could possibly mean that whether or not God exist, those right or wrong actions were already right or wrong instinctively. The only difference is that, some people believe that they need a creator or God to tell them what is morally correct or wrong to believe it is.

Gawande wrote about a woman named M. who scratched through her skull to her brain in her sleep. The scratching only gave her momentary relief before the urge to scratch just grew bigger making the annoyance worse. Since pain was thought to be so closely linked to itching through nerves, M’s doctors thought that the only way to get rid of the itch was to cut off the function to the nerves where the itch was present. After losing the feeling in her face and after taking anesthetics and antibiotics the urge to scratch still came back, becoming more of a chronic itch. Fueling Gawande's theories about the itch, he theorized that maybe there is nothing wrong with the nerves at all. He thought that there was something going wrong in the brain when it tells your body that you need to scratch, when clearly you do not. After becoming more in depth with M’s case, Gawande then introduced a man named H.. H. suffered from strange symptoms of phantom limbs. Phantom limb sensations were described as, “... far too varied and rich to be explained by the random firings of a bruised nerve” (Gawande, 2008). Gawande's theory expanded by theorizing that the brain can't visually see that the person/self is healed when the nerve transmissions are shut off due to

Gertler clarifies that pain refers to the sensation and not the common cause, which is C-fibers firing in a specific area with tissue damage. (109) She asserts that pain is not essentially connected to tissue damage of a particular location, indicating to me inadequate understanding of the concept. If one pinches one's arm, though the sensation of pain may not be necessarily located in the arm, I contend that the pain felt is relevantly connected to the location pinched. Gertler provides the alleviating effect of painkillers as an example of a non-essential feature of pain. (117) Location is unlike this property, however, and is essential in conceptualizing pain. For instance, even an amputee, who had a leg removed and experiences a phantom leg-pain, is unable to describe the sensation they feel without making reference to a specific body part. Whether or not the pain is actually “located” anywhere is irrelevant, it matters only that the pain is conceptualized as having a location. Our understanding of pain relies fundamentally on where the pain is thought to be “located.” The fact that it is impossible to conceive of pain without reference to the “location” of the sensation proves that location is an essential feature of

Pain effects the body through the nerves. The phenomena of pain is conveyed from a peripheral part of the person, through afferent nerves to a part of the brain, similar to sight, touch, and hearing. These signals are then interpreted by the brain as pain (Murphy, 1981). The nerve cells used to relay pain messages to the brain are specific nerve cells called nociceptors. These nerves do not send messages until "the stimulus reaches noxious levels," (McClesky, 1992).

In the 18th century there was a rapid rise of slavery. Many Africans were captured by the Europeans separating from their family and home village. Many slaves tried to escape from their masters in the colonies because they wanted to go back to Africa. Some Africans accepted their fate and started a new family in the colonies. In the novel Octavian Nothing Traitor to the Nation, Octavian knows nothing about slavery because he was born in the colonies.

Pain perception can be less than might be expected from the extent of a physical injury. This was proven by a scientist called Susana Bantick, Oxford University, and colleagues who carried out a study on the influence of attention distracting pain processing (Bantick et al, 2002). During the experiment, brain processing was measured by measuring brain activity using fMRI. Participants rated pain from 1-10 when noxious heat stimulus was applied to their hand in the scanner. She then followed the same process but gave them a task which required cognitive processing; reducing the amount of focused attention on pain. Bantick, therefore, showed attention distraction can reduce the amount of pain perceived by the individual, also pain processing to the brain was reduced. This provides vital evidence that pain perception does not just depend on the injury alone.

Dermatitis and eczema: swelling of the skin, normally encompassing swelling with an itchy rash. Dermatitis comes in many diverse forms, including atopic dermatitis (often mentioned as eczema), contact dermatitis and seborrheic dermatitis.

The different types of dermatitis are classified according to the cause of the condition. Contact is the condition caused by an allergen or an irritating substance.

Pain is something that connects all of us. From birth to death we can identify with each other the idea and arguably the perception of it. We all know we experience it, but what is more important is how we all perceive it. It is known that there are people out there with a ‘high’ pain tolerance and there are also ones out there with a ‘low’ pain tolerance, but what is different between them? We also know that pain is an objective response to certain stimuli, there are neurons that sense and feel pain and there are nerve impulses that send these “painful” messages to the brain. What we don’t know is where the pain

The perception of pain and the emotions that control intensity differ in individuals. Since feeling pain is somewhat adaptive, when one experiences it, he or she becomes aware of an injury and tries to remove oneself from the source that caused the injury. For this reason, pain is considered neuropathic or inflammatory in nature. Thus, when pain is the outcome from the damage caused to the neurons of the peripheral and central nervous system, then that pain is neuropathic. However, if the pain signals any kind of tissue damage, then the pain is inflammatory in nature. Due to various types of pain, the interpretation of pain by neurons and the source of that pain

Psoriasis was copied from the Greek word psora, which means “to itch” (Jean, 2011). Psoriasis is a chronic, long lasting autoimmune skin disease that disturbs the speed of the growth cycle in skin cells (Stress-Related Disorder Sourcebook, 2016). Normal, healthy skin cells replace dead skin cells every twenty-eight to thirty days (Langley, 2005). Skin is the largest organ in the body. It protects from the environment, regulates body temperature, helps coordinate immune system regulation, function of touch sensations, waterproof, and prevents toxin substances from entering the body (Langley,2010). Psoriasis effects greater than three percent

With limited resources for majority of police departments across the nation, along with competing interest, when determining patrol distribution administrators should consider the following three areas when committing resources. First, cost or budget allocated towards meeting core responsibilities such as patrol, where and how to deploy those resources and finally when. Patrol for example is a core responsibility and is foundational for both police officers and the public alike. For police officers it is where they spend a majority of their early careers interacting with the pubic and developing their skills as officers (Fritsch, Liederbach, & Taylor 2009). Conversely, for the public patrol is the most visible way to interact with local law enforcement, and where the public develops a sense of how their tax dollars may be utilized in support of public safety.