Pseudo-Nitzschia Fatigue Analysis

Two of these such issues are algal blooms, caused by various cyanobacteria, and the introduction of carp into ecosystems. The effects of carp

Red tide, by definition, is a toxic algae bloom in seawater that causes discoloration of the water, illness or death to many coastal animals, and can make people sick (Raloff, 2005). To be more specific, red tide is a more common name for “high concentrations of harmful marine alga, Karenia brevis” (Pierce & Henry, 2008). The Karenia Brevis toxin, named after Dr. Karen Steidinger, makes itself into mostly fish, but sometimes other vertebrates and can affects their central nervous system (Raloff, 2005).

In order to understand harmful algae blooms, it is necessary to understand the organisms responsible for them. In the United States, the most common place for them to occur is in the Gulf of Mexico, meaning that the situation there should be further examined. There, the organism responsible is known Karenia brevis, a type of floating algae, or dinoflagellate, found on the western coast of Florida and the eastern coast of Texas. Dinoflagellates are miniscule but can, at maximum have at least "60 million organisms per litre” at once, a large group for such a small section of ocean. With such numbers, it is understandable how, if the organism were harmful, such a situation could become dangerous. Unfortunately, K. brevis is harmful; it becomes dangerous when it is broken apart, releasing a neurotoxin known as brevotoxin, a “tasteless,

Cualerpa Taxifolia otherwise known as “Killer Algae” is one of the most invasive algae in the world. The “Killer Algae” was first uncovered by an oceanographic museum in Monaco France. The alga was first discovered by a diver exploring the ocean behind the museum. When he dove he expected to see the grey green plant that normally grew behind the building, but instead he found a bright green plant that had completely taken over the seabed. Astonishingly, he had found Cualerpa Taxifolia. The algae were first bred in Stuttgart Germany as a decorative aquarium plant. It got to Monaco by ship and put in their aquariums, which eventually got dumped into the sea behind the museum. Therefore, the algae covered the seabed

Paralytic shellfish posoning, also called PSP, is a kind of neurotoxin which can cause people who eat shellfish containing this sick and vomit. There are four kinds of recognized syndromes influenced by shellfish poisoning, which share several common characteristics and are primarily connected to bivalve mollusks. These shellfish are filter feeders and, hence, have the ability to accumulate neurotoxins, called saxitoxin, produced by microscopic algae, such as dinoflagellates, diatoms, and cyanobacteria.[1] Dinoflagellates of the genus Alexandrium produce the most numerous and widespread saxitoxin and play an imporatant role in PSP blooms in subarctic, temperate, and tropical locations. The majority of toxic blooms have been caused by the morphospecies

Daphnia are naturally found at very high densities, they play important roles on the community food web dynamics, as they feed on algae which is important to energy transfer between consumers. Also, Daphnia may directly affect the structure of their community by consuming algae, not only by providing food to consumers but also regulating algae, as different organisms survive better in more or less algae accumulation. Therefore, it is important to understand what effects their rate of feeding.

"Ingestion Occurrence and Health Effects of Anthropogenic Debis Ingested by Marine Organisms." Noaa.org. Noaa, 1 Apr. 2014. Web. 22 Oct. 2015.

HAB, Harmful Algae Blooms can kill thousands of fish, even in small amounts. All aquatic life depends on food, most algae are harmless however, and some are harmful. HAB causes harm through fishes the humans who eat it get sick because HAB is toxic. This also affects the sea-life food web.

Dolphins and other sea life animals are exposed to toxic algae or poor water quality 24 hours a day. Department of agricultural found a fish killing toxin that kills cancer cells or slows the cancer cells

Amnesic shellfish poisoning is a rare type of food poisoning caused by eating seafood that contains a poison (toxin) called domoic acid. Domoic acid is produced by a saltwater form of algae, and it is often eaten by shellfish, such as clams, oysters, and mussels. You can get sick when you eat shellfish or crab that contains domoic acid (is contaminated). Cooking or freezing the shellfish does not kill the toxin.

Have you ever heard about the redness of water in coastal region of West Florida and Gulf of Mexico? Even though this redness in water makes beautiful scene for many of us, it is actually harmful to many of the aquatic species and humans on earth. One of the organisms which is responsible for the discoloration of water is Karenia Brevis. This is commonly known as Red tide in many parts of the world. Karenia brevis (formally known as Gymnodinium breve and Ptychodiscus brevis) is marine dinoflagellate Protista, commonly known for its toxin, is responsible for the Florida and Texas Red tide ( Global Biodiversity). Scientists also refers to K. brevis as Harmful algae blooms as it produces series of bretoxins (neurotoxins) which contributes to

Also the destruction of wetlands and overfishing have played a big role in letting this substance get out of hand. With overfishing and the destruction of wetlands competing organisms that usually keep the element from getting out of hand, are dying. And with less and less organisms to keep it in check the growth only becomes faster. The effects of this are not only found in Morenton Bay, Australia, but worldwide. During Swedish summers strands of the crynobacteria wash up on shore as a yellow-ish substance. Dead fish pop out along the coast and if the locals get near it, their eyes burn and they can’t breathe. On the southern coast of Mauii in Hawaii the high tide brings in green algae so foul smelling that condominium owners hired tractor drivers to scrape it off the beach each morning because of the smell. On the Gulf Coast of Florida residents complain that harmful algae blooms are longer lasting, more frequent and bigger. This is killing off many sea mammals and is flooding the Florida emergency rooms with patients suffering from repertory diseases. North of Venice, Italy, a sticky mixture of algae and bacteria collects on the Adriatic Sea in spring and summer. This white mucus washes ashore, fouling beaches, or congeals into submerged blobs, some bigger than a person. On the Spanish coast jellyfish have become so large that special nets have to be strung to protect

Harmful algal blooms (HABs) which were once a rarity in marine ecosystems are now reoccurring events that devastate recreational areas to deep water ecosystems (Anderson et al., 2016). Specifically for California sea lions (CSLs), HABs through bioaccumulation lead to domoic acid (DA) poisoning. Domoic Acid is naturally occurring in algal blooms; however, due to anthropogenic influences and climate change, the population of algal blooms that contain DA are increasing (Cook et al., 2016).

This lab was performed with two different types of algae, Micrasterias and Closterium. Within our groups, we counted how many of each species there were to begin with. Each group sampled one micro liter of each algae stock, five times, and then found the average of the five trials and converted it to milliliters. There were three different test tubes of algae stock containing 100 individuals. The first contained 100 Closterium,

the Changjiang (Yangtze) River plume and its surrounding sea along China’s coast. High fishery yield is normally supported by high primary production and abundant food sources from lower trophic levels (Caddy, 1993; Xu et al., 2004). Indeed, primary production can reach as high as 2079 mg C m-3 d-1 in the Changjiang River plume region, mostly induced by high rates of riverine nutrient supply (e.g., Gong et al., 2003; Gong et al., 2006). In the past two decades, the anthropogenic nutrient load (e.g. nitrates) exported from the Changjiang River into the ECS has increased over ten- fold, and there is continuous growth peer-00562971, version 1 - 4 Feb 2011 expected in the future (Yan et al., 2003; Li and Dag, 2004; Bouwman et al., 2005). Excess nutrients cause eutrophication and stimulate noxious and toxic algal blooms, which have been observed with increased frequently on the inner shelf off Changjiang River (Chen et al., 2003; Gao and Song, 2005; Zhu, 2005; Zhu et al., 2005). There are, however, few studies