Pseudomonas Research Paper

Progressive lung disease is the predominant cause of illness and death in people with CF. Mucus blocks the airway passages and results in a predisposition toward chronic bacterial infections. Although the genetic defect underlying CF has been characterized, exactly how and why individuals become infected with Pseudomonas is unknown. The lungs of most children with CF become colonized by Pseudomonas aeruginosa before their 10th birthday. Chronic infection with these bacteria reduces an individuals quality of life, causing acute symptoms of cough, sputum production, and inflammation, which causes repeated exacerbations or episodes of intense breathing problems. Eventually leading to scarring and destruction of lung tissue and, ultimately, death. While it is clear that antibiotic therapy directed against these organisms lengthens the life span of individuals with CF, increasing antibiotic resistance develops. Although antibiotics can decrease the frequency and duration of these attacks, the bacterium establishes a permanent residence and can never be completely

The purpose of this lab was to identify two unknown bacteria cultures using various differential tests. The identification of these unknown cultures was accomplished by separating and differentiating possible

Citrobacter Freundii is a species of bacteria that can be potentially harmful to humans. It is known to cause meningitis by protruding into the brain and replicating itself (1). The Citrobacter species has also been found as a cause of some urinary tract infections, diarrhea, and even gastrointestinal diseases and symptoms (3). C. Freundii can be located in a wide variety of soils and water (3). Lastly, it is also the cause of many nosocomial infections due to its presence in water (1).

In the world of microbiology it is vitally important to be able to discern the identities of microorganisms. Not only is it important in a lab setting but as well as in healthcare in general. Properly identify what strain of bacteria a person has will aid in the proper medicine and dose given. Throughout the semester we have learned about different types of bacteria and certain test that can clearly identify them. The purpose of this lab report is to identify a Gram-positive or Gram-negative bacterium. Using all the knowledge of procedures and lab techniques identify the unknown and discuss all the tests you performed.

“In the initial phase of infection, environmental strains of P. aeruginosa from any aqueous setting are inadvertently inhaled or otherwise delivered to the upper respiratory tract” (Feldman, et al., 1998). “It is at this stage where the expression of functional flagella is critical, providing chemotaxis toward desirable substrates, such as mucin, and the motility essential for widespread dissemination” (Feldman, et al., 1998). “In the normal host, the presence of defenses and additional antimicrobial peptides, the affinity of flagella components for mucin glycopeptides, and the process of mucociliary clearance are likely to eradicate such transiently inhaled organisms from the respiratory tract before any epithelial immune response is elicited” (Feldman, et al., 1998).

Escherichia Coli is a rod-shaped bacterium that measures approximately 0.5 μm in width by 2 μm in length. It is a Gram-negative bacterium. Its cells stain gram negative because they have a thin cell wall with only one to two layers of peptidoglycan. They live in environments with higher temperatures rather than cooler temperatures. E. coli is said to be the “model organism”. Many microbiologists use these bacteria as a resource for understanding other prokaryotic life and are the most carefully studied life form on the planet. It was discovered by German-Austrian pediatrician Theodor Escherich in 1885.

The effectiveness of disease treatment is often presented by the challenge of antimicrobial resistance. Cystic Fibrosis (CF) for example, is a pulmonary infection characterized by the poly-microbial growth of bacteria within biofilms, in the pulmonary tract of humans. For children suffering from CF, Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) initially colonizes their airways, which with age, becomes replaced by Pseudomonas Aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa). The eradication of P. aeruginosa by antibiotics fails in 10-40% of CF patients. In the article, it was proven that there existed an interaction between the staphylococcal protein A (SpA) from S. aureus filtrates (SaF, a bacterial supernatant of S. aureus), and an exopolysaccharide (Psl) of P. aeruginosa. This interaction lead to the aggregation and increased resistance to tobramycin¬ – an antibiotic used to eradicate P. aeruginosa, to prevent chronic colonization of the bacteria. The study conducted involved 7 samples of P. aeruginosa that were taken from individuals who underwent successful eradication treatment, and 7 samples from individuals who still had persistent isolates. These P. aeruginosa samples were cultured for 24 hours in media. When SaF was added to the overnight preformed biofilms, the eradicated isolates were not affected by the SaF; however, the persistent isolates showed significant reduction is surface coverage due to densely packed cellular aggregation, without affecting the biomass or viability of persistent isolates. The

Bacteria can be differentiated with specific metabolic activities. There are a variety of reagents and methods that can be used to distinguish species. The purpose of this experiment was to determine the characteristics of four different bacteria through four unique tests. The bacteria tested include: Escherichia coli (Ec), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Pa), Bacillus subtilis (Bs) and Proteus vulgaris (Pv). Four types of tests were performed to understand the metabolic activities of the four bacteria.

pneumoniae has containing two types of neuraminidase NanA and NanB. These two proteins do not share the same amino acid chains, making their identities different. Neuraminidase helps split the fatal N-acetylneuraminic acid from mucin, glycoproteins or glycolipids on eukaryotic cell surfaces. The NanA protein is composed of three units; an aminoterminal region, a proline rich region and a cell wall sortase anchor motif. Hence the job of NanA in S. pneumoniae infection is to remove the fatal sialic acid residue from the epithelial cells exposing receptors and increasing the nasopharyngeal colonization of bacterial

Effective treatment of infections depends on selecting the source, site, complete medical history, also, conduct a physical assessment to identify the signs and symptoms consistent with the current infection. Other factors include patient’s age, weight, present health condition and the severity of the infection should be put into consideration (Arcangelo & Peterson, 2013). The purpose of this paper is to describe the categories of antimicrobial agents, also, description of the differences between viral and bacterial infections will be reviewed. In addition, explain why proper identification of viral and bacterial infections is the key to selecting the proper antimicrobial agent.

A great deal of cultural tests and physiological procedures were performed on the unknown before the conclusion of P. aeruginosa was made. The first test preformed was Gram’s staining which involves the use of crystal violet, Gram’s Iodine, Ethyl Alcohol, and Safranin. Gram staining is known as a differentiating stain, since it can determine the presence or absence of peptidoglycan in the cell wall. The unknown bacteria were Gram stain negative. After that the motility of the cell was tested using a hanging drop slide. The slide was examined, but the results were inconclusive due to the inability to make a clear distinction between motility and Brownian motion. This test was not

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a common soil organism, has frequently been isolated from lesions in animal and human, and are also an important zoonotic agent, which can be implicated in animal and human infectious disease. Infection caused by P. aeruginosa are often severe and are difficult to treat because P. aeruginosa are increasingly resistant to certain antimicrobial agents, and this organism may acquire

The microbiology of N.meningitis, the gram negative bacteria has two primary layers which it used to protect itself. First is the outer, outside polysaccharide layer which is the outer membrane that plays an important role for the bacteria. The protective membrane acts like an adhesive as well as a barrier between the bacteria and the environment in which it is needed to survive the host. The cell envelope has an outer membrane made up of a peptidoglycan layer and the inside of the cell is made up of cytoplasmic. The outer membrane has an outside layer primarily composed of lipopolysaccharide, and proteins that an inside layer composed of phospholipids that contains proteins primarily responsible for regulating the flow of nutrients and metabolic

In the medical field which I am going into, it is very important to be able to identify bacteria. By identifying bacteria, we can prevent, diagnose its presence and determine what is the appropiate treatment to treate the diseased caused by them. For example, if a patient is complaining of a sore throat we can take a sample of the throat to determnne what bacteria if any is causing the pain. Once the bacteria has been identified the patient can be prescribed the appropiate antibiotic. Another reason why is so important to identify bacteria and to know its characteristics, is for pharmaceutical companies to come up with medication and to decided the type of vaccines that can be used to counter it.

Virulence Factors: The most important virulence factor of S. aureus is the specific surface proteins that allow the organism to attach to host proteins. The surface proteins of this bacterium allow it to attach to host proteins such as laminin and fibronectin, which form the extracellular matrix of epithelial and endothelial cells. S. aureus also produces a number of membrane damaging toxins that allow the organism to further invade and harm the host, of which the alpha- toxin is the most well studied and is the protein responsible for septic shock. The alpha- toxin is a protein that binds to a specific receptor in platelets and monocytes in humans, forming pores that eventually destroy the cell.