Pseudomonas aeruginosa Essay

Nearly 1 in every 30 Americans are a carrier of the recessive gene that leads to CF (About Cystic Fibrosis, n.d.). Although CF is a life-threatening condition, through the advancement of treatments and care, there has been a steady increase in life expectancy and improvement in the quality of life. The current mean age of survival is now 40. Although that does not seem very high, sixty years ago, a child diagnosed with CF did not survive childhood (About Cystic Fibrosis, n.d.). CF is a complex disease, where the types and severity of symptoms can differ widely from person to person. Symptoms may include fatigue, salty-tasting skin, persistent cough with phlegm, wheezing and shortness of breath, lung infections, and poor growth and weight loss (Cystic Fibrosis Symptoms, Causes & Risk Factors, 2018). Many different factors, such as the age of diagnosis, can affect an individual's health and the course of the

P. aeruginosa is a ubiquitous Gram-negative bacterium that thrives in moist environmental reservoirs such as in the soil, water and plants8, 9. P. aeruginosa is an opportunistic human pathogen that infects immunocompromised individuals, lending to its association with life-threatening illnesses10. In addition to pulmonary infections in CF patients, P. aeruginosa is frequently found in nosocomial infections11. As such, P. aeruginosa is recognized for its medical importance in clinical infections.

Cystic Fibrosis, also known as CF, is one of the most common life-threatening genetic disorders found in people. Discovered in 1938 by Dr. Dorothy Hansine Andersen, Cystic Fibrosis severely affects two parts of the human body, including the respiratory system and the digestive system. Cystic Fibrosis causes the mucus glands to secrete very thick and sticky mucus. This mucus then clogs the tiny air passages and traps bacteria in the lungs. The thick mucus also stops the release of digestive enzymes in the pancreas from reaching the small intestine. According to Cystic Fibrosis Queensland (2015) more than one million Australians carry the Cystic Fibrosis Gene, with one in every 25 people, often not realising they are carrying the deadly gene.

Cystic Fibrosis is a genetic disease which is progressive and limits breathing ability. The lungs and other organs are affected by a thick buildup of mucus. This mucus traps bacteria which leads lung damage, infections, and respiratory failure. The digestive enzymes being released is prevented, affecting the breakdown of food and nutrients being absorbed. ?More than 30,000 children and adults in the United States have Cystic Fibrosis. 70,000 people worldwide.? (Diagnosed With Cystic Fibrosis, Cystic Fibrosis Foundation) Someone who has Cystic Fibrosis have a defective gene from each parent which produces faulty protein. The CFTR gene is the gene that is mutated causing this. The channel that transports chloride in and out of cells is created by instructions that are created by CFTR gene. The regulation of chloride ions and water are prevented creating the thick mucus formed on the passageways of lungs, pancreas, and other organs. Cystic Fibrosis doesn?t cause learning problems are mobility of the person. Babies with this still develop and grow up normally. The average life expectancy is close to 40 years, and has been increasing in the last fifty years thanks to improved care. ?Chronic coughing, recurring chest colds, wheezing, shortness of breath, frequent sinus infections, and allergies that last all year, are the most common symptoms of Cystic Fibrosis.? (Cystic Fibrosis Symptoms) Since this disease is progressive

Cystic fibrosis is the most common lethal inherited disease, affecting about 30,000 patients worldwide. In the past decade, strides in patient management and the development of new pharmacological agents, coupled with scientific and technological advances, have increased the mean life expectancy of CF patients to approximately 30 years of age (approximately 50% of CF patients live to the age of 30). As early as 30 years ago, the median survival age was 8 years. Chronic lung infections, which lead to declines in lung function, remain the major cause of morbidity and mortality. While several pathogens have been implicated, Pseudomonas aeruginosa—an opportunistic and virulent bacterium—has an affinity for the

“In the initial phase of infection, environmental strains of P. aeruginosa from any aqueous setting are inadvertently inhaled or otherwise delivered to the upper respiratory tract” (Feldman, et al., 1998). “It is at this stage where the expression of functional flagella is critical, providing chemotaxis toward desirable substrates, such as mucin, and the motility essential for widespread dissemination” (Feldman, et al., 1998). “In the normal host, the presence of defenses and additional antimicrobial peptides, the affinity of flagella components for mucin glycopeptides, and the process of mucociliary clearance are likely to eradicate such transiently inhaled organisms from the respiratory tract before any epithelial immune response is elicited” (Feldman, et al., 1998).

Minimizing contact with germs is a top concern for people with CF. The buildup of mucus in the pancreas can also stop the absorption of food and key nutrients, resulting in malnutrition and poor growth. In the liver, the thick mucus can block the bile duct, causing liver disease. In men, CF can affect their ability to have children. Most people diagnosed with cystic fibrosis today are babies, thanks tonewborn screening programs. More than 75% of children with cystic fibrosis get a diagnosis by age 2. In some cases, people don’t find out they have cystic fibrosis until they’re teens or adults. Parents can also test their babies for cystic fibrosis before they’re born. Cystic fibrosis is a serious disease that can be life-threatening. But it’s different for everyone. Symptoms are mild for some people and severe for others. The good news is that most people with cystic fibrosis now live twice as long as they did 30 years ago. Today, some people are living into their 40s, 50s, or longer. Cystic fibrosis has no

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a serious disease that is life-threatening. This disease is characterized by the buildup of thick mucous in the lungs due to a defective gene within the body. It is a disease that is genetic which means that it is passed down from one’s parents. The disease is genetic because patients with Cystic Fibrosis inherit a defective gene on chromosome 7. This gene is responsible for protein production and the moving of water and salt in and out of the body’s cells. If a person inherits on faulty CF gene from each parent the chances are very high that they will develop Cystic Fibrosis. If the person inherits only one faulty gene from their parents and one normal gene they are known as carriers of CF and usually develop no symptoms of the disease and usually end up living normal lives. However they can pass the faulty gene down to their children.

Cystic Fibrosis, otherwise known as CF, is an inherited genetic disease that affects the lungs and digestive system. The disease causes a build-up of thick mucus in the lungs and other organs. Mucus clogs the airways in the lungs and “traps bacteria, leading to infections, extensive lung damage, and eventually, respiratory failure. In the pancreas, the mucus prevents the release of digestive enzymes that allow the body to break down food and absorb vital nutrients.” (#1)

The purpose of our lab was to sequence part of the Pseudomonas fluorescens genome trying to find genes coding for the polyketide antibiotic which is thought to be the key component of biological control over Take-all disease. We studied clone #2 and found 100% similarity with genome of Pseudomonas brassicarium and 87% with glathione S-transferase enzyme. This enzyme is involved in cellular detoxification and can be included in fighting Take-all.

discoideum (SOURCE). P. aeruginosa is a Gram-negative pathogen that causes life-threatening infections in people with compromised immune systems, such as those undergoing chemotherapy or those with cycstic fibrosis. The bacteria is commonly seen in nosocomial infections (hospital-acquired infections), such as pneumonia, UTIs, and sepsis. First, it was tested whether or not P. aeruginosa could infect D. discoideum. P. aeruginosa strain PA14 was grown in LB, collected through centrifugation, and resuspended in SorC buffer (16.7 mM Na2H/KH2PO4/50 microM CaCl2, pH 6.0). D. discoideum was added to the bacterial suspension to create final concentration of 500 cells/ml. 0.2 ml of the mixture was pipetted on to SM/5 plates containing 1/5 of a SM stock solution (1% glucose/1% Bacto peptone/0.1% Bacto yeast extract/4.2 mM MgSO4). As a control, D. discoideum was also plated with Klebsilla aerogenes, which was known to be non-pathogenic towards D. discoideum. This first assay showed that the strain PA14 could infect D.

Cystic Fibrosis (CF) is an autosomal recessive gene that causes a wide range of symptoms because there are over 1,000 changes or mutations that can occur within the cystic fibrosis transmembrane receptor (CFTR) protein. The CFTR protein is generally a chloride ion chain “regulated by cyclic adenosine monophosphate and therefore can act as a regulator of other electrolyte channels”(Grossman, S., & Grossman, L. 2005, p. 46). Typically this protein allows chloride ions to exit mucus-producing cells allowing water to flow in and thin the mucus. However, if the CFTR protein has been mutated, such as in cystic fibrosis, chloride ions cannot exit. This causes the mucus to thicken, become sticky, and obstruct the various channels it passes through. This build up of mucus also prevents bacteria from being cleaned from cells thoroughly increasing the patients risk for infections (Grossman, S., & Grossman, L. 2005). However, the severity of CF depends on whether the patients have complete or partial loss of the CFTR gene. If the person has the classic form of CF abnormalities of CFTR will commonly affect “…the respiratory, gastrointestinal, endocrine and metabolic, and genitourinary systems”(Schram, C. 2012). However, if people have atypical forms of CF their genetic disorder may only affect one of the organ systems and may not be found until the patient develops symptoms in their late childhood, early adolescence, or adulthood

The bacteria that was contained within Unknown tube #12 is believed to be Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Figure 1. The bacteria tested to be Gram Stain negative, producing a pink, red color retained from the staining process. When the species of bacteria was plated on nutrient media, the cells produced an irregular and spreading configuration as shown in Figure 2. This same plating test provided the margins and elevation, lobate and hilly, respectively. The specimen was stabbed in a Fluid Thioglycollate Medium (FTM) tube using an inoculated loop of the bacteria. The results of this experimentation indicate the type of oxygen requirement of the bacteria. The test found the bacteria to be aerobic as colonies of the bacteria began to form along the top of the FTM tube (Manual 2017).

Pseudomonas aeruginosa was first discovered in 1882 by Carle Gessard. Gessard was a chemist and bacteriologist who found through experimentation that P aeruginosa had water soluble pigments that turned a blue-green color when exposed to ultraviolet light. Thorough research into this microbe led Gessar to determine many characteristics of P aeruginosa [1]. This bacteria is abundant and prefers moist environments often being seen as a waterborne organism. Pseudomonal species are typically found in soil, plants, water and animals and the colonization of P aeruginosa occurs in more than 50% of humans, making it the most common of the pseudomonal species [1].

The genus Pseudomonas represents a diverse group of medically, environmentally and biotechnologically important bacteria. Pseudomonas are characterized by an enormous metabolic capacity, which is reflected by their capability to adapt to diverse and challenging environments, degrade recalcitrant compounds, and synthesize a variety of low-molecular-weight compounds as well as fluorescent phenazines and biopolymers. Members of the genus are found in large numbers in a wide range of environmental niches, such as terrestrial and marine environments, as well as in association with plants and animals. This almost universal distribution of Pseudomonas suggests a remarkable degree of genomic diversity and genetic adaptability (Rehm, 2008; CDCs, 2014).