Psychological Contract Theories of Managing

Every human being is an unique individual. This is an undeniable fact, thus organisations have to explore the various antecedences of the psychological contracts between employees and the organisation. Employees have different perceptions and thinking over the concept of psychological contracts. Generation Y is slowly filling up the positions in contemporary organisations. Therefore, what are the influencers revolve around this power craving group of people? Research has concluded that employees and employers have different perceptions on job support and resources (Attridge 2009, 392; Kahn 1990, 708) and even job satisfaction (McShane and Travaglione 2007, 180).

This gives the implication that values can differ from person to person, so it is therefore important to identify and understand one’s own values in order to work effectively in the field.

The degrees to which these values are upheld also pose as a challenge to management and employees. Although both parties may agree to these established values, employees may be faced by situations where their personal and cultural values may contradict with the degree as to which the organizational values are upheld. The main challenge here is setting priorities among the values and objectives of the organizations or the people involved. Making the best decision suitable for the situation and the people concerned requires critical analysis of the factors (values, objectives, and people) involved.

As a Lead human resources specialist with District of Columbia Public Schools who has to be tough using Theory X,Y. Other managers are involve with program planning and policy development who might use Theory Z to promote higher salaries for the employees then low salaries to hire the best applicants who make a commitment to work objectives (Douglas mcgregor).

We can safely state that no single theory of management is universally accepted today. To provide a useful historical perspective that will guide our study of modern management, we shall discuss five different approaches to management : (1) the universal process approach, (2) the operational approach, (3) the behavioral approach, (4) the systems approach, and (5) the contingency approach. Understanding these general approaches to the theory and practice of management can help you appreciate how management has evolved, where it is today, and where it appears to be headed. Each of the five approaches to management represents a different conceptual framework for better understanding the practice of management.

For this study the authors gave five hypotheses. These hypotheses were related to the mediating roles of psychological contract fulfillment, need for change and trust. Trust being the only one included in three of the hypotheses. For hypothesis 1 the authors hypothesized that psychological contract fulfillment moderates the relationship of attitude toward change and change information, therefore change information is positively correlated to psychological contract fulfillment. Furthermore psychological contract fulfillment would be positively correlated to behavioral, affective, and cognitive dimensions of attitude toward change. For hypothesis 2 it was hypothesized by the authors that perceived need for change influences the relationship between change information and attitude toward change showing that change information and perceived need for change are positively correlated. Also that perceived need for change is positively correlated to the behavioral, affective, and cognitive dimension of attitude toward change. For hypothesis 3a, it was hypothesized that trust moderates the relationship between attitude toward change and change information, therefore there’s a positive correlation between trust and change information, and trust and the affective, behavioral, and cognitive dimension of attitude toward change. Furthermore, for hypothesis 3b, the authors hypothesized that trust affected psychological contract fulfillment in a positive way. Lastly, for

Compare and contrast the management theories of Frederick Taylor, Henri Fayol, Elton Mayo and Douglas McGregor. In what sense(s) are these theories similar and/or compatible? In what sense(s) are these theories dissimilar and/or incompatible? How would a contingency theorist reconcile the points of dissimilarity and/or incompatibility between these approaches?

Locate four articles or books on your philosophy written by different management theorists and published in the past 5 years in academic literature. At least two must be from peer-reviewed journals. The articles or books may be theory articles, research articles, or a combination.

Actively self-reflecting and consciously communication personal values and characteristics provides a manager with the opportunity to control others perception of them and encourages them to be viewed as a leader.

Define and discuss the different theories of management, using practical examples from your experience or knowledge. Compare classical management theory to any contemporary.

2007). Kermally (2005, p.36) explain that McGregor believed ‘how managers manage people in practice depends on what assumptions they make about workers’. It means that which kind of leadership managers choose, according to how managers perceive workers’ attitudes toward their job. Managers believe their workers related to Theory X and Y normally use strict supervision approaches to reduce workers’ control on their job, in contrary, managers allow workers to be innovative and willing to authorise more responsibility to Theory Y workers (Waddell et al. 2007).

An individual’s effectiveness in the workplace often depends on his/her personality, attitudes and values, along with his/her motivation to succeed. Concurrently, the perception, attitudes and values of colleagues in the workplace play a role in determining the individual’s effectiveness. Understanding these characteristics of employees can be very crucial for organizations to operate successfully. At the same time, it is essential that employees understand the values associated with the organization in order to avoid any conflicting feelings toward the work they are employed to do. By recognizing and appreciating each other’s characteristics and constraints, employees and the organizations they are part of, form a highly-beneficial

The main focus behind the development of management theory is the quest for good ways to make use of managerial means. Management theory evolves constantly with the continuous stream of new ideas that come from the attempts to transform theory into practice, and vice versa (Aguinaldo & Powell, 2002). Progression in management theory normal happen as key personnel discover great methods to accomplish the most important management responsibilities: planning, organiz-ing, leading, and controlling human and other managerial means. This paper will show how man-agement theory having to do with suitable management processes has emerge in modern times, and view the main aspects that have led to its prosperity.

McGregor 's revolutionary assumption, Theory Y contends that individuals are self-motivated and self-directed while his other assumption, Theory X insists that employees must be commanded and controlled. Every day managers that utilize McGregor’s assumptions have the choice to either believe Theory X and control their

Theory X assumes employees are inherently lazy and will avoid work if they can and that they inherently dislike work. As a result of this, management believes that workers need to be