Psychological Measure

Breast cancer affects one in every nine women in Britain, 45,000 women every year are diagnosed with it in some form or stage of development. Life style and cognitive interventions, i.e. counselling and psychotherapy can play an important part in how the patient deals with cancer in their lives and how they recover.

Every year, one in four women who are diagnosed with breast cancer die. In order to prevent this from happening, forms of early detection, such as mammograms are recommended annually to women over 40 years old (Zavatsky et al, 2014, p.1). Mammograms are very uncomfortable due to the extreme pressure put on the patient. The anxiety of possible bad news and the pain associated with this test can cause many women to avoid regular check ups. If women don’t receive regular mammograms, they may not know that they have cancer, and when they do find out, it may be too late. By having mammograms done on women over 40 regularly, we can attempt to lower the statistics of women dying of breast cancer. Even though the study didn’t show that women who received music therapy during mammograms had less pain, it did show that women had lower levels of anxiety and provided a means of distraction from

The research paper that I am evaluating is, “the effectiveness of group positive psychotherapy on depression and happiness in breast cancer patients”, identifies breast cancer and the devastating toll it takes on it the victims (Dowlatabadi, Ahmadi, Sorbi, Beiki, Razavi, & Bidaki, 2016). Breast cancer is a ubiquitous disease in females worldwide, the psychological shrapnel includes, fear, despair, anger, depression and anxiety. Whereas, the ramifications physically of cancer are considered temporary, however, the emotional and psychological damage is complex unrelenting, and eviscerating to patients. Immediately following a cancer diagnosis, medical professionals begin a critical treatment plan to eliminate the cancer, without considering

Breast cancer is the predominant form of cancer diagnosed in America women, second only to skin cancer and the primary cause of cancer deaths, surpassed only by lung cancer. Approximations suggest that one in eight women in the United States will develop invasive breast cancer during the course of their life (American Cancer Society, 2013). As with any disease, a diagnosis of breast cancer can be tremendously challenging and freighting experience not only during the time of treatment and post treatment, but also as a survivor of the disease. Encouragement, reassurance, and support are crucial components in managing, coping, surviving, and living with breast cancer.

The psychological test that will be explored, analyzed, and critiqued is the Beck Depression Inventory- II, which was originally published by Aaron T. Beck in 1961. This test has undergone many revisions and the most recent version was published in 1996 by Robert A. Steer and Gregory K. Brown and is the version that will be employed and critiqued. As of recently the test on average costs $75 for 25 record forms and a manual that aids in interpreting the test, which can be purchased through third-party assessment clinics (Beck et al., 1989). The test is usually administered in person although, considering the Internet has been pivotal in the spread of knowledge, the test is also offered online.

There are 1 million new cases in the world each year and breast cancer is the commonest malignancy in women that comprises 18% of all female cancers (McPherson, et al., 2000). This is more than enough proof that there should be a variety of symptoms that show women getting the disease. Every year that passes it seems like there is more and more technology being developed to help women find a way to overcome the disease, but it also seems like the disease tends to have a mind of its own. It’s amazing that all the money being contributed to research and all the known epidemiology still results in a fair amount of deaths each year. The best way to handle breast cancer is to know a few of the common risk factors and prepare to make minor changes in everyday life that way the patient will be protected from this disease that has claimed so many lives.

The article is about women who have breast cancer and how optimism plays a role in their well-being. Optimism is associated with a lower level of distress on breast cancer patients. Studies show that optimistic women who have breast cancer feel physically attractive (Wimberley, Carver, & Antoni, 2008). The breast cancer patients were also

Breast cancer is the most common cancer in the world today among female. It is one of the leading cancers in Nepalese women and is in ever-increasing trend. Following mastectomy, the survivors suffer from many problems, which lead to several disorders and decrease in their quality of life (QOL). The objective of this study is to find out the quality of life of mastectomy survivors in Kathmandu valley.

You have explained the concepts very well. Beck depression inventory is very useful, especially in the primary and secondary stages. It is one of the widely used psychometric tests for measuring the severity of depression. The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) is a 21-item, self-report rating inventory that measures characteristic attitudes and symptoms of depression (Beck, et al., 1961). The BDI has been developed in different forms, including several computerized forms, a card, the 13-item short form and the more recent BDI-11 by Beck, Steer & Brown, 1996. The BDI takes approximately 10 minutes to complete, although clients require a fifth – sixth grade reading level to adequately understand the questions.

According to Rodney et al (2003), breast cancer is the commonly occurring cancer in women, responsible for one third of all malignancies in females. It is said to be the second to lung cancer as a cause of cancer mortality and has been found to be the leading cause of death for American women between the ages of 40 and 55 years. It has been noted that the incidence of breast cancer is highest in North America and Northern Europe and lowest in Asia and Africa (Rodney et

Although the findings of the study are very useful, there are still some limitations. The small, homogeneous sample size restricts the generalisability of this study to other stages of breast cancer and other phases of treatment. This sample also included women who were primarily from a single geographic area, which also restricts the applicability of the findings to other populations.

According to the American Cancer Society, “Breast cancer is the common disease of women in the United States, other than skin cancer.” After lung cancer, it is the leading secondary cause of cancer death in women. It helps to have some basic facts about the normal makeup of the breasts to understand breast cancer. In the past, this disease was one of the most feared forms of cancer due to its fatality rate and because complete recovery often required breast removal. The best way to fight this disease is to have a plan that helps you detect the disease in its early stages. Now, however, treatment options have been expanded and there is a higher probability of full recovery than ever before. Lives can be saved by increasing awareness of

The Beck Depression Inventory is a self-administered test, administered in a group setting or individually, that measures the severity of depression symptoms and attitudes of depression (pg 1 of manual). The revised Beck Depression Inventory was specifically designed to assess the severity of depression in clinically diagnosed patients. However, the revised Beck Depression Inventory was not specifically developed to be used as a screening instrument in normal populations or to reflect any specific theory of depression. Although the BDI is oftentimes used for screening in normal populations, it should be used with caution because high BDI scores do not necessarily indicated depression. This provides an indication of the level of intensity a patient’s depression is for the past week including the day of administration for clinicians.

While the completion of treatment is excitedly anticipated, many cancer survivors would still be disturbed by the emotional and physical tribulation of their breast cancer trajectory (Surbone & Peccatori, 2006). This is because, the impact of cancer remains long even after treatment ended. Besides the common issues that accompany any cancer diagnosis, breast cancer survivors also have to deal with exclusive concerns such as decreased sexual function, relationship issues, fears about genetic inheritability of cancer and complications from this disease such as lymphedema (Hodgkinson, Butow, Fuchs, et al., 2007). Therefore, the completion of treatment does not equate to lesser need for health care. Long term health issues related to breast cancer survivors have thus emerged as a public health concern.

Psychological tests and or psychological assessments are an important asset in the field of psychology. These tests are designed to measure people’s characteristics which pertain to behavior. There are a variety of different types of tests that can be used to assess different types of behaviors. According to the specific behavior or behaviors being assessed, tests are categorized into two types, ability tests and personality tests. Ability tests, which encompass achievement, aptitude, and intelligence testing are used to determine capacity or potential by measuring scores based on speed, accuracy, or both. On the other hand, personality tests, which include structured or projective are used to determine behavior traits, that may be overt