Psychological perspectives of smoking
This essay will consider how each of the 5 psychological perspectives explain smoking. I will cover the psychodynamic, the behaviouristic, the biological, the cognitive and the humanistic approach.
Psychodynamic approach
The psychodynamic approach views behaviour in terms of past childhood experiences, and the influence of unconscious processes. There are five psychosexual stages in Freud’s theory, the first being the oral stage during which the infant focuses on satisfying hunger orally. Sigmund Freud believed that during this stage of development the person can become fixated in the oral stage of development. An infant's pleasure and comfort centres on having things in the mouth during this
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Ivan Pavlov conducted an experiment where he had surgically implanted tubes into the cheeks of dogs to monitor the secretion of saliva whilst the dog was eating. (Pavlov, 1902) He noticed that the dog started to salivate before the food was put in its mouth. He then presented to food to the dog whilst playing the sound of a metronome, eventually the dog started to salivate when just hearing the metronome alone. This can be related to smoking using the following model:
Conditioning diagram
Peer groups before conditioning acceptance and happiness
Peer groups + Smoking during conditioning acceptance and happiness
Smoking after conditioning acceptance and happiness
One of the main strengths of the behaviourist approach is that it focuses only on behaviour that can be observed and manipulated. Therefore, this approach has proved very useful in experiments under laboratory conditions. On the other hand this has been criticized for suggesting that most human behaviour is mechanical, and that human behaviour is simply the product of stimulus-response behaviours.
The biological approach
The biological approach looks at our genetics to construct a reason why we act the way we do and why we develop abnormal behaviours. This approach suggests that the reason people smoke is a biological addiction from a chemical in cigarettes called nicotine. Nicotine is a chemical that alters
When asking a typical cigarette smoker why he or she took up smoking, he or she is likely to answer by relating to the perceived relaxed condition that smoking inflicts on the consumer. Also, a great deal of individuals come to start smoking because they are pressured by people around them, especially during their adolescence years when they are vulnerable and when they consider that smoking makes a person "cooler". In an attempt to be accepted by a group that they like, adolescents are predisposed to taking on a series of harmful activities, as they are no longer interested in their wellbeing and as they only seek recognition. Parents are also important when considering smokers, as a person whose parents are active smokers is more likely to take up smoking at a certain
Throughout life, a person is faced with large and small obstacles. Some don't require a minimum effort; however others demand the strength of will and a maximum effort. One obstacle is nicotine addiction. Some consider it as a disease, a bad habit or a little weakness. Much has been said about smoking, but it is still a major problem in the United States. This habit has joined men and women and has received widespread popularity among children and adolescents. Nicotine addiction has a negative impact on society as a whole, as well as, on the life of an individual's health.
Smoking is the largest preventable cause of death in the world, accounting for at least six million deaths a year across the globe, according to the World Health Organization. Smoke is an option, the person chooses to smoke, sometimes being aware about the several consequences this bad habit brings, but also there are people that start smoking without theses knowledge. And it makes cigarettes even more worst because after you start, knowing or not the consequences, it is hard to quit this habit because of the addicted substances presents in the product, such as nicotine. The prolonged use of this product has several consequences for the human body, such as impotence in men, problems during pregnancy for women, and increases the chance of developing
My uncle Willis smoked cigarettes for most of his life that was until he got emphysema. This disease makes it difficult or impossible to breathe on your own. He had to have an oxygen tank with him everywhere he went. He could not do things like normal people could do, there is only so much you can do with an oxygen tank by your side constantly. He died two years back due to this disease, he did not have a long life like he should have because he smoked cigarettes and that was the outcome of making that choice. This paper will discuss what is in a cigarette, being affected by cigarettes, and the side effects from quitting.
Hello ladies and gentleman tuning in this evening we have a special topic we are going to be discussing here today. We are going to be talking about the health risks of smoking, why it is an issue and how the behavior reduces the health risk. Alright let us get started now. Long term cigarette smokers are at a higher risk of developing lung diseases, heart diseases and cancer. Quitting smoking can offer some huge health benefits that are long term and immediate. Smoking has many health risks that can lead to a life of deteriorating health and has became such a huge problem around the globe and especially in the US. Just look at some of these statistics, In 2014 seventeen out of a hundred US adults currently smoke cigarettes. That is seventeen
Thank you for responding to my post, the issue with why people still purchase cigarette even with the health risk that compliment smoking comes from the ingredient in cigarette (nicotine). However, people also smoke due to peer pressure and the marketing strategy employed by the tobacco companies in wooing its customers. For instance, "in advertising copy, benefits–which often have a psychological component–generally outsell features". Most tobacco companies know this hence they try to appeal to that segment of the demographic that need some form of psychological boost. Furthermore, the continued patronage of cigarette is due to people's need for self-esteem, "like they’re part of an exclusive group. That’s why advertising copy
A compromising view on smoking reveals that “biological factors involved in smoking relate to how the brain responds to nicotine. When a person smokes, a dose of nicotine reaches the brain within about ten seconds. At first, nicotine improves mood and concentration, decreases anger and stress, relaxes muscles and reduces appetite. Regular doses of nicotine lead to changes in the brain, which then lead to nicotine withdrawal symptoms when the supply of nicotine decreases. Smoking temporarily reduces these withdrawal symptoms and can therefore reinforce the habit” (studyhealth.com). This cycle encourages smokers to be addicted to nicotine and when they become dependent, it begins to affect the health drastically.
Smoking has been around for centuries. Cigarette ads and commercial’s enticed people to start smoking along with peer pressure. It was not known until 1964 when the Surgeon General put out a report that smoking was a health hazard. In 1965, Congress required all cigarette packages distributed in the United States to carry a health warning. Cigarette smoking has several health effects. There are three effects that will be discussed in length. The three effects are (1) effects of smoking on the heart (2) effects of smoking on the lungs and (3) effects of smoking on a fetus.
The current paper provides an introduction to the ill effects of smoking, and the advantages and disadvantages of
The subjects in question of this study is the smoking habit of 40 undergraduates in American universities. This is the observation of addiction to nicotine, a widely reported phenomenon that affects the health of one billion people daily. (1) This study plans to provide more light into an area of research that does not have a lot of
The effects of cigarette smoking can be horrifying. Smoking is dangerous not only to those who smoke, but to non-smokers and unborn children as well. Cigarette smoking is also physically and socially harming.
I will provide a brief section on the history of smoking and cigarettes. I will then discuss the composition and contents of cigarettes and the biological and psychological effects of smoking. I will make sure I cover each area in great detail, paying particular attention to the effects it has on the cardiovascular and respiratory system. I will also try to use a variety of sources in helping
As Ernest Dichter said in 1947, “There is a direct connection between thumb sucking and smoking” (Dichter). Cigarettes also develop a sense of partnership. Many folks have said that having a cigarette is like having a companion, not being alone anymore. Even when you are doing nothing at all, it feels like you are doing something - smoking. In a sick and twisted way, smoking can be used to control one’s weight. Cigarette smoking makes you less hungry, and therefore if you smoke cigarettes you will eat less food. Smoking can also be used as a pretty accurate gauge of time. A cigarette takes about five minutes to smoke, so if you are waiting to meet somebody, you can smoke a cigarette and know just about how long it will be until they are there. While going on long drives, a cigarette is crucial to making the trip more enjoyable. You can break a six hour drive down into six cigarettes, and this seems to make the time go by just that much faster.
The most prevalent and visible behavior in many western nations today is smoking. While there are many, many studies completed showing the harmful effects of smoking on the body and also the effects of second-hand smoke on innocent bystanders, millions of people still feel the need to smoke
The effects of smoking have been observed for a very long time. As early as the 1920's, research identified nicotine as being