Psychological Properties Of Ya Essays

Will Hunting is very smart. He was described as genius as evidenced by his ability to solve very difficult mathematical problem that even the students and professor Lambeau at MIT could not solve. As a result, the professor recommended him for a job that would provide him challenge. The professor described Will as having a gift of good memory. Professor Lambeau even asked Will whether he had photographic memory. Will could solve difficult math and science problems in under an hour. Will was able to analyze a painting that his therapist had done and he concluded that it meant that his therapist was suppressing his feelings about the death of his wife. He is very loyal to his friends. Will also has good survival instinct.

From a psychodynamic perspective, sleep is encompassed by the sex drive as it fosters health and therefore encourages reproductive success. Sleep results from an imbalance between contending motives, and is a mechanism used to restore balance. The research method implemented by psychodynamic theorists to explain sleep is a case study (Burton et al., 2009). This involves the comprehensive observation of the sleeping behaviour of a small group of people. Afterwards, a test is applied to deduce the state of tension between the contending motives. The biological variable is sleep; the theoretical variable is the internal contention between motives. It is expected that when there is an imbalance between contending motives, sleep will occur.

Psychology is an immense, widely varied, and diverse field of study. Over the years, the field of psychology has grown, and so have the vast topics the field examines and studies. A few major perspectives of psychology are psychodynamic, behavioral, cognitive, and biological (Cherry, 2016). Of these areas, OSA can fit under the biological perspective. Obstructive Sleep Apnea suitably relates to this category since it is largely a result of our biological, or physical, makeup.

Studies have shown that daytime drowsiness, reduced alertness, and diminished intellectual performance is the result of poor sleep quality and shortened duration of sleep (Badran, Yassin, Fox, Laher, & Ayas, 2015). Moreover, it has been documented that disturbances in sleep and shortened duration of sleep can have negative effects on quality of life (Badran et al., 2015; CDC, 2013). Furthermore, without exception, sleep is vital for the brain and body to relax and repair itself for the purpose of functioning adequately (Jackson, Redline, & Emmons, 2015). Several epidemiologic research studies have linked untreated sleep-disordered breathing to several negative health and safety repercussions, including the increase threat of diabetes, depression,

In today’s society, many people go through many days yawning, fighting to stay awake and indulging in many cups of coffee. If you were to ask them what the cause of their restlessness was, the popular statement would be a lack of sleep. However, most would not dare to think that a lack of sleep could cause multiple issues in everyday life. This problem has been seen to peak during the good ole college days. It is hard to imagine that those days of all-night cramming sessions and those late nights partying causing students to be sleep deprived could lead to a variety of problems like stress, long term insomnia, and a weakened immune system.

During the first hour of sleep, brain waves slow down, and the eyes and muscles relax. Heart rate, temperate, and blood pressure fall as well. Over time, however, brain activity drastically increases from slow wave sleep to rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, and brain waves observed during REM are similar to those observed during waking. However, atonia occurs, which is when the body’s muscles are paralyzed, the muscles that allow breathing and control eye movements are fully active, and heart rate, blood pressure, and body temperature increase. As sleep continues, the brain alternates between periods of slow wave sleep. It’s divided into four stages. Stage 1, the brain activity is unsynchronized. Stage 2, our breathing, heartbeat, and brain activity become slower. Stage 3, our breathing, pulse, and brain activity is slower yet, and brain activity is synchronized. Stage 4 of sleep, our breathing, pulse, and brain activity is the slowest, and brain activity is highly synchronized. Brain activity is increased with each stage and brief periods of REM sleep, with the slow wave sleep becoming less deep and the REM periods more prolonged until you are woken. Approximately 20 percent of a person’s total sleep is spent in REM

In a study used to determine the efficacy of paced breathing on insomnia and vagal activity 14 people with self reported insomnia (SRI) and 14 people who reported to be good sleepers (GS) were utilized to test the hypotheses that paced breathing would aid those with insomnia in falling asleep (Tsai, Kuo, Lee, & Yang, 2014). The study measured variables such as sleep quality, sleep effectiveness, Heart rate variability, and cardiac vagal tone. For the individuals to be allowed in the SRI group they had to have difficulty falling asleep, staying asleep, or trouble with waking up too early and not being able to go back to sleep more than 3 times per week, for 6 continuous months. All subjects of the study had to be between 20-25 years old and have a BMI within the normal range for their height and weight (18.5-24.5 Kg/m^). The subjects all had regular times that they went to bed and woke up and none reported having any history of sleep disorders such as sleep apnea or periodic limb

Breathing is a contagious action. You probably recall your days in high school biology when a yawn began with one person and ended with the whole class in a collective demonstration of tiredness. As soon as someone yawned, everyone else had the urge. Along these lines, husbands and wives often find themselves breathing in sync as they lie next to each other

This is in comparison to irregular sleep, which is also referred to as REM sleep. The eyes move rapidly under the eyelids with irregular breathing and motor activity of arms and legs, sucking movements, grimaces or smiles having been observed in this state of arousal. (___) The drowsiness stage, also known as the transition stage, where alertness is mild, as the child is falling in and out of sleep. Babies are attentive and quiet when in the quiet alert stage. They have few movements but can track an object and stare at faces. This is ideal for sharing gestures, sounds, and looks with a child. (___) The awake stage includes the most body movement, facial expressions, and irregular breathing. Within the active stage there is a separate category for crying. It is an infant’s way of expressing their needs and it helps parents identify what might be causing a them discomfort so they can assess their child and cater to their

In general, our results suggest that it is possible sleep over 9 hours as well as caffeine intake is a predictor of slower reaction times. In each category of individuals with caffeine, we see a slight increase in average PVT times. For example, we see in Figure 6 an average of 320 ms compared to the average in Figure 3, with caffeine consumption, of 312 ms. While each of the three categories of sleep suggest the finding that caffeine consumption decreased reaction times on average, the statistical analysis presented argues that the significance is not strong and can be seen in the recorded p values. Each of the obtained p values are above 0.05 and this means that based on our data the differences aren’t distinct enough. Looking at the

Eddie Harmon-Jones and John J. B. Allen (2001) designed a study that focused on the mere exposure effect, which states that more exposure to a stimulus results in a positive affect toward that stimulus. Numerous studies have been conducted based on cognitive responses, but this study focused on the affective responses. The main purpose of the study was to accept or reject (test) the hypothesis that mere exposure influences affective responses using other measures than a cognitive response, such as self-report. They would test this by measuring facial electromyographic or EMG responses to the stimuli, thus measuring emotional responses. They also had three other hypothesis’ that dealt with the main hypothesis but were more specific. They alos hypothesized that familiar stimuli would stimulate a larger zygomatic (cheek) muscle region activity and/or smaller corrugator (brow) muscle region activity compared to novel stimuli and that motivational responses would be affected by familiarity when evaluating frontal cortical activity. The second purpose of the study was to determine if individual differeces in affective traits influence the reactions of mere exposure to stimuli. If

For five of the subjects discomfort increased reaction times, while for three discomfort decreased reaction times. This seems like slight support for the hypothesis but in reality it is probably statistically insignificant as will be tested next.

The hypothesis was if electronics are used for an hour before bed, then the person’s sleep pattern will change because the blue light emitted from an electronic device alters the amount of melatonin in your body which allows your body to know when to fall asleep. The data that follows proved the hypothesis.

The first evaluation was a polysomnography sleep study. Which involves measurements of multiple physiological parameters by a combination of electroencephalography, electrocardiography, electromyography, electrooculography, pneumography and pulse oximetry to measure sleep worthiness and sleep efficiency (Meltzer & Mindell, 2006). The polysomnography recorded the participant’s brain waves, the oxygen level in their blood during sleep, heart rate and breathing, as well as any eye and leg movements during the time of the study. Statistically significant polysomnographic findings will show lower sleep efficiency, higher apnea–hypopnea index (AHI) and a larger number of sleep stage shifts per hour in the children, determining the quality of sleep each participant is experiencing (Meltzer & Mindell, 2006) as being good or bad. Subjects were rated to have good sleep, if Rapid Eye Movement (REM) sleep stage was

     Facial EMG activity was measured bipolary over the Corrugator supercilli muscle region, with Beckman miniature Ag/AgCI electrodes filled with Beckman electrode paste. (Thunberg & Dimberg, 2). The researchers measured the muscle activity with a Colburn Hi Gain Amplifier, and the EMG signal was integrated with a Coulbourn Contour Following Integrator. All data that was collected was expressed in microvolts. The participants each had two Beckman Ag/AgCI electrodes attached to the second phalanges of the first and second fingers of the left hand to measure skin conductance. (Thunberg & Dimberg, 2) Furthermore, after the students saw each slide they were asked to rate how unpleasant they experienced the picture on a scale from 0 to 9, where 0 was not at all, and 9 was very high.