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Psychological Stress

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Article 1:
The News Media and Psychological Distress in Anxiety, Stress, and Coping Vol. 14
By: M.E. McNaughton-Cassill
Introduction:
According to McNaughton-Cassill (2000), the impact of news media in relationship to negative emotional responses such as stress and anxiety are explored in this study. It seeks to improve upon existing models of the relationships between media exposure and emotional responses.
In McNaughton-Cassil’s study, three hypotheses are proposed. The first hypothesis suggests that there will be a direct correlation among news media exposure, anxiety, and depression. A second hypothesis suggests that increased anxiety and depression will be contingent on propagation of pessimism and irrational beliefs. The third and final …show more content…

According to Madan et al.(2013), they hypothesized that movie violence would be correlated with increased vital readings, e.g., blood pressure and heart rate. Moreover, Madan et al., hypothesized that “effects would be attenuated with higher levels of previous exposure…”
Methods:
The independent variable in this study is violent media exposure (Madan et al., 2013). Prior media exposure data (habitually) were collected with two items concerning time spent watching TV and news. Participants were asked ‘how many hours per week do you spend watching TV/Movies?’A 6-point scale was used to assess viewership from ‘no times per week’ to ‘15 or more hours per week.’
The dependent variable in this study, anxiety, was assessed using a ‘20-Item State Anxiety scale from the State-Anxiety Inventory’ (Madan et al., 2013). This scale is used to measure a baseline (before exposure) and after exposure, from which the “change” can be determined (Madan et al., …show more content…

A study of Television Viewing and Videogaming in Journal of Media Psychology
By: Asja Maas, Klara Maria Klöpper, Friederike Michel, and Arnold Lohaus
Introduction:
According to Maas et al., the primary goal of this study was to assess effects on cognitive performance in relation to the amount of TV/video game viewing.
Researchers, Maas et al., proposed the following hypotheses: Hypothesis 1 (H1) suggests that high-arousing contents lead to poorer cognitive performance, in contrast with low arousing contents. (H2) interestingly proposes that the effects described in (H1) will affect the performance of males less. (H3) proposes that the measured cognitive performance is “mediated through subjective experienced stress (Maas et al., 2011).
Methods:
The independent variable in this study is, as in the aforementioned studies, media exposure (Maas et al., 2011). According to Maas et al., “High-arousing material, such as Doom (by Id Software, 2004) was used as a controlled variable. Low-arousing material, such as Professional Tennis (by Astragon Software, 2004) was used. Participants were asked to rate their subjective stress experience on a scale from 0 to 10.” This initial scale was used as a “litmus test” by the researchers to confirm the placement of the material under the specific

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