Psychology Is A Scientific Discipline That Studies The

Memory is divided into three categories. These categories consist of: sensory memory, short term memory and long term memory, out of these short term memory is the main focus in this essay. It has been widely researched due to interest of how much memory can be stored, how long this memory can be stored for and what information is memorised.

What is psychology? Scientifically psychology is the study of behavior and mental processes. More in depth thinking of it, psychology is the study of the psyche, or soul. As Carl Jung stated “Every psychology problem needs a spiritual solution”. By this he means the only way to solve problems psychologically, people must understand themselves in “breathe, spirit, and soul”. Psychology does not only study the overt actions of humans such as smiling or talking, but also studies the covert activities in each other 's minds.

The biopsychosocial model focuses on thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that influence health with how society or culture influence health rather than just biology and physiology (Gurung, 2014). Since the biopsychosocial approach focuses more on the mental aspect of health, any health care professional will look more into a patient’s thoughts, feelings, and reactions as opposed to physical and psychological aspects. A key example can be looked at is a patient who has cancer, with the biopsychosocial approach a doctor will look at their behaviors, feelings about treatment, and thoughts towards cancer and their treatment. Being that the model is about how society or culture influence health, it is assumed that there is an influence. A patients culture can impact how they act or view things. Since this model is part of the health care, there is

Researchers such as Logie, Baddeley and Bunge generally agree that the short-term memory is made up of a number of components or subsystems. The working memory model has replaced the idea of a unitary store short-term memory as suggested by the multistore model. The working memory model explains a lot more and in a lot more detail than the multistore model. It makes sense a range of tasks- verbal reasoning, comprehension, reading, problem solving and visual and spatial processing, it also applies to real life tasks such as reading which involves the phonological loop subsystem, problem solving which involves the central executive and navigation which involves the visual and spatial subsystem. The Working Memory Model is supported by

Baddeley (2001) suggests a working memory system which consists of four components; a modality-free central executive, a phonological loop which holds information in speech based form, a visuo-spatial sketchpad and an episodic buffer which is the temporary storage system that holds and integrates information from the phonological loop, visuo-spatial sketchpad and long-term memory (Eysenck & Keane, 2005).

Research evidence for the working model of memory varies. Case studies of brain damaged patients support this model a lot. The case study of KF - a brain damaged patient with no problem with long term learning but some aspects of his immediate memory were impaired. This has proven that the working model of memory was right when suggesting that short term store works independently of long term store. In addition to evidence supporting this model, Baddeley and Hitch did a research on making participants do two tasks using the same or different components. Task one occupied the central executive, task two either involved the articulatory loop or both the central executive and the articulatory loop. Speed on task one was the same whether using the articulatory loop or no extra task. This shows that doing two tasks that involve the same component causes difficulty. It also suggested that when two different components are used, performance is not affected.

Baddeley and Hitch determined that this working memory should be divided into three parts based on the type of information it processes. The first part, deemed the central executive area, acts as a boss sending data to the other areas while dealing with cognitive tasks such as problem solving on its own. The visuo-spatial area stores and processes visual information and is responsible for navigation. Finally, the phonological loop stores and processes written and spoken materials and would be responsible for memorizing a telephone number. The phonological loop is further broken down into two parts, the phonological store, which holds spoken information, and the articulatory control process, which is used to store verbal information from the phonological store. In 2000, based on a failure to explain experimental results, Baddeley decided to add the fourth part called the episodic buffer. This component is responsible for communication between long-term and episodic (short-term) memory and serves as a backup (Mcleod, 2008). Working memory and short-term memory are often interchanged, however working memory commonly includes the active processes in the brain that make up the short-term memory, while the term short-term memory solely refers to the brain’s ability to temporarily store

The British Psychological Society states that ‘Psychology is the scientific study of people, the mind and behaviour’ (BPS). In this essay I will be discussing what is actually meant by this and whether psychology fits into both the traditional views of a science, as well as more contemporary perspectives. It is widely suggested that Psychology is a “coalition of specialities” meaning it is multi-disciplinary (Hewstone, Fincham and Foster 2005, page 4). I will therefore examine whether it could be considered wrong to think that all parts of the discipline should neatly fit into one view of a scientific approach.

According to Shiffrin & Atkinson (1969), long-term memory is defined as the processes by which information is stored in and retrieved from. The two processes involved in long-term memory are encoding and retrieval. Encoding refers to the process in which information is learned and converted into a memory representation, whereas retrieval refers to accessing previously stored information (Shiffrin & Atkinson, 1969). The two forms of long-term memory are declarative or explicit memory and non-declarative or implicit memory. Declarative memory (DM) refers to subsystems of long-term memory that can be deliberately, intentionally or consciously recollected. These subsystems are known as episodic memory and semantic memory (Squire, 1992). Episodic memory is defined as the long-term memory subsystem that stores information about past events, occurrences or episodes related to an individual 's life and is used to recall such events or episodes. Semantic memory is a long term memory system that stores and recollects facts and general knowledge (Squire & Zola, 1998). Recognition or recall tasks are usually used to measure DM (Wagner et al, 1998). Non-declarative memory (NDM) refers to the memory subsystem that impacts recent perceptions and behaviour without knowledge, consciousness and intent. The subsystem within NDM involved in long-term memory is known as procedural memory (Squire, 1992).The NDM of skills is termed as procedural memory. The process involves learning a skill or

Some scientists believe that parts of long term memory are permanent while others will eventually weaken over time. (3) Long term memory can be divided into three sections: procedural memory, declarative memory, and remote memory. Procedural memory includes motor skills such as learning how to ride a bike or how to drive a car. "Such memories are slow to acquire but more resistant to change or loss." (4) Declarative memory is used to remember facts, such as names, dates and places. It is easy to learn but also easy to lose. Finally there is episodic memory, which is the record of events that a person stores throughout his or her experience. Recent studies show that these events, as soon as they occur, are sent to a temporary part of the brain called the hippocampus, and that over time they are moved to the neocortex for permanent storage. (5).

The multiple component of the working memory presented by Baddeley and Hitch (1974) gave a reasonable conception as to how the short term memory function. Contrary to models presented by Atkinson and Shiffrin who describe the short term memory as a single unity (1968) the working memory model originally thought to be composed of three systems: the central enactive, the phonological loop, the visuospatial sketchpad, and most recently, the episodic buffer. Each component has a unique function that separates it from the other component. (Baddeley & Logie, 1999), this problem has

Working memory's current understanding largely stems from the model in 1974 by Baddeley and Hitch, since then it has been recently advanced. The boss being the central executive, who controls and monitors all the information processing. The two other separate storage systems that support the central executive: phonological loop, who functions as the temporarily store for phonological information, and the visuospatial sketchpad where visual and spatial representations are temporarily stored and manipulated (Baddeley, 1996). The integrator of information from the subcomponents of working memory and long term memory is known as the episodic buffer, it is the recently proposed addition (Baddeley, 2000). Many people when they think of an individual

Long-term memory contains declarative and nondeclarative memory. Declarative memory (explicit memory) is factual information that can be declared. Declarative memory is comprised of semantic episodic, and lexical memory. Semantic memory are related concepts or units. Episodic memory is the system that receives and stores information about temporarily dated episodes or events and the temporal-spatial relationship among them. Lexical memory refers to the knowledge of words as well as the form and meaning. Word knowledge also includes knowledge of the rules for composing grammatical and syntactically correct sentences. Nondeclarative memory is comprised of motor skills, cognitive skills, priming, conditioned responses, and reflexes. Nondeclarative memory is strengthened by repetition and practice. Motor skill memory are motor procedures that are learned. Cognitive skill memory is an umbrella term for various procedures that occur without conscious awareness. Priming involves the facilitation of performance as a consequence of previous experience with a stimulus that are typically measured in terms of accuracy of judgment or latency of responses. Priming can be conceptual and perceptual. Conceptual priming is the activation of related concepts. Perceptual priming is the exposure of perceptual features of the stimulus that facilitates the

The central theme revolving around the biomedical model is it inability to analyze other components besides the biological factor when determining a patient’s health. This approach does not acknowledge other possible elements involved in the health of a patient, instead it focuses directly on analyzing and focusing on pure “biophysical or genetic malfunctions” (Biomedical Models and Resources, 1998). Whereas the biopsychosocial model demonstrates that “health and illness are determined by a dynamic interaction between biological, psychological, and social factors” (Brown et al., 2005). Due to the profound examination this model provides when diagnosing a patient’s health, it has become essential to the medical field. More importantly, its

Dr. William Bob is a fifty one year old licensed psychotherapist who has his own private practice. William is happily married to a primary school teacher and has 3 kids. William was born in Poland, but moved to Canada with his parents in his early childhood. Both of his parents were doctors and they were the ones who fostered this drive to work in a field of assisting people, however because William always felt a little disconnected from the exact sciences, during high school he made a decision to study psychology instead. “ I knew all along that I want to become a psychologist and that is what often helped me when I had a hard time seeing the light at the end of the tunnel” says Dr. Bob.